Life
Life is a biological concept regarding the characteristics, state, or mode that separates a living thing from dead matter. The word itself may refer to a living being or ongoing processes of which living things are a part of. It may also refer to the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death), the condition of an entity that has been born but yet has to die or that which makes a living thing alive.
The study of life is called biology, and people who study life are called biologists. A lifespan is the average length of life in a species. Most life on Earth is powered by solar energy, the only known exceptions being the chemosynthetic bacteria living around the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon compounds, specifically involving long-chain molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. With water, which is essential, the long molecules are wrapped inside membranes to form cells. This may or may not be true of all possible forms of life in the Universe: it is true of all life on Earth today.
Summary
Living organisms can be explained as open systems. They are always changing, because they exchange materials and information with their environment. They undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli and reproduce.
Through natural selection, they adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.[1][2] Many life forms can be found on Earth. The properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information.
At present, the Earth is the only planet humans have detailed information about. The question of whether life exists elsewhere in the Universe is open. There have been a number of claims of life elsewhere in the Universe. None of these have been confirmed so far. The best evidence of life outside of Earth is are nucleic acids that have been found in certain types of meteorites.[3]
Definitions of life
One explanation of life is called the cell theory. The cell theory has three basic points: all living things are made up of cells. The cell is the smallest living thing that can do all the things needed for life. All cells must come from pre-existing cells.
Something is often said to be alive if it:
- grows,
- takes in food, uses the food for energy, and passes waste products (see metabolism),
- moves: it must either move itself, or have movement inside itself,
- reproduces, either sexually (with another living thing) or asexually, by creating copies of itself,
- reacts to its surroundings,
- functions
However, not all living things fit every point on this list.
- Mules cannot reproduce, and neither can worker ants.
- Viruses and spores are not actively alive (metabolising) until the conditions are right.
They do, however, fit the biochemical definitions: they are made of the same kind of chemicals.
The thermodynamic definition of life is any system which can keep its entropy levels below maximum (usually through adaptation and mutations).
A modern approach
A modern definition was given by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela in 1980,[4] to which they gave the name autopoiesis:
- The production of their own components
- The correct assembly of these components
- Continuous repair and maintenance of their own existence.
Roth commented that "In short, organisms are self-reproducing and self-maintaining, or 'autopoietic', systems".[5] This approach makes use of molecular biology ideas and systems science ideas.
Gallery of images of life
An Adult citrus root weevil is an example of an insect
Salmonella typhimurium is an example of bacteria
Chromalveolates are a group of protista
Amanita muscaria (Fly agaric) is an example of fungi
Humans are an example of people
Related pages
References
- ↑ Koshland, Jr., Daniel E. (22 March 2002). "The Seven Pillars of Life". Science. 295 (5563): 2215–2216. doi:10.1126/science.1068489. PMID 11910092. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ↑ "organism". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary (online). (1999).
- ↑ Zita Martins (2008). "Extraterrestrial nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 270: 130–136. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|quotes=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Maturana H. & Varela F. 1980. Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living. Boston: Reidel.
- ↑ Roth G. 2013. The long evolution of brains and minds. Heidelberg: Springer. p41, 48