Persian Empire

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Persian Empire
كُشُورْ شَاهِنْشَاهَى اىْرَانْ (Persian)
Kešvar-è Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân[a]
727 BC–1979 AD
Flag of
Anthem: 
Persian Empire in Achaemenid period (widest borders)
Persian Empire in Achaemenid period (widest borders)
Map of the Pahlavi Iran period
Map of the Pahlavi Iran period
StatusEmpire
CapitalTehran (1925–1979)
Common languages
  • Persian (official)[b]
  • Arabic (official, court, lingua franca[8])[c]
  • Middle Persian (official[9])[d]
  • Greek (official[10])[e]
  • Parthian (official, court, literature[11][12])[f]
  • Old Persian (official)[g]
  • Aramaic (official, lingua franca[13])[h]
  • Akkadian (literary language in Babylonia[14])[i]
  • Elamite[15][j]
  • Median[k]
  • Azerbaijani[l]
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• 
727 BC
• 
1979 AD
Area
500 BC[16][17]5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi)
1 AD[16][17]2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi)
550 AD[16][17]3,500,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)
1925 AD1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)
Population
• 500 BC[18]
17–35 million

The Iranian/Caspian/Persian Empire (شَاهِنْشَاهَى اىرَانْ, romanized: Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân), refers to the dynastic states of Iranian origin that ruled Iran from the Median Medes to the Mazandarani Pahlavi period. "Persia" was the term used by outsiders; its people called the country as "Iran", and about 95% of them were not Persians. The ancient Greeks called all Iranians "Persians" because Pars was the empire's most important region, and other people followed the Greeks.

Extent

  • Medes* (c. 727 BC–c. 549 BC) – Of Median origin.
  • Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) – Of Persian origin.
  • Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) – Of Parthian origin.
  • Sasanian Empire (224–651) – Of Persian origin.
  • Tahirids* (821–873) – The dynasty was of Persian origin,[19] but they are culturally Arabized and nominally part of Abbasids.
  • Saffarids (861–1003) – Of Persian origin.[20][21][22][23]
  • Samanids* (819–999) – Of Iranian origin.[24]
  • Buyids (934–1062) – Of Daylamite origin.[25]
  • Safavids* (1501–1722/1736) – The dynasty was partly or wholly of Kurdish origin.[26][27][28]
  • Zands (1751–1794) – The dynasty was established by Karim Khan Zand, member of the Zand tribe, a branch of Lurs.[29][30][31][32][33]
  • Pahlavis (1925–1979) – Reza Shah, the founder of the dynasty, was of Mazanderani[34] and Georgian descent.

Persian Empire Media

References

  1. ↑ Roemer 1986, p. 331.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matthee 2008b.
  3. ↑ Ferrier 1989, p. 9.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Perry 2006.
  5. ↑ Cyril 2003, p. 392.
  6. ↑ Arnold 1939, pp. 514–515.
  7. ↑ Ruda 2006, p. 76.
  8. ↑ Davaran 2010, p. 156.
  9. ↑ Daryaee 2008, pp. 99–100.
  10. ↑ Green 1992, p. 45.
  11. ↑ Skjærvø 2006, pp. 348–366.
  12. ↑ Canepa 2018, p. 6.
  13. ↑ Wiesehöfer 2001, p. 119.
  14. ↑ Kittel and others 2007, p. 1194–1195.
  15. ↑ Windfuhr 2006, p. 386–390.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Taagepera 1979.
  18. ↑ Morris & Scheidel 2009, p. 77.
  19. ↑ Frye 1975b, p. 90.
  20. ↑ Bjork 2010.
  21. ↑ Aldosari, Ali (2007). Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. p. 472, "There were many local Persian dynasties, including the Tahirids, the Saffarids (...)"
  22. ↑ Daftary, Farhad (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. p. 51, "The Saffarids, the first Persian dynasty, to challenge the Abbasids (...)"
  23. ↑ Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (ed.) (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Vol. 2. p. 674, "Saffarids: A Persian dynasty (...)"
  24. ↑ Frye 1975a, p. 160.
  25. ↑ Nagel 1990, p. 578–586.
  26. ↑ Matthee 2005, p. 17; Matthee 2008.
  27. ↑ Amoretti & Matthee 2009.
  28. ↑ Savory 2008, p. 8.
  29. ↑ Tucker 2020.
  30. ↑ Perry 2011, p. 561–564.
  31. ↑ Yarshater 2004, p. 234–238.
  32. ↑ Perry 2000.
  33. ↑ Perry 2002.
  34. ↑ Aghaie 2011, p. 49: "(...) Reza Shah [...] He was from a Mazandarani family (...)"
    Amanat 2017, p. 473: "(...) Reza Shah, himself a Mazandarani (...)"

Sources

  • Wiesehöfer, Josef. Ancient Persia (2001)I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-675-1.
  • Green, Tamara M.. The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (1992)BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09513-7.
  • Daryaee, Touraj. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (2008)I.B.Tauris. p. 99–100. ISBN 978-0857716668.
  • Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (2) Documentation XIII. Fasc. 4 (2006). p. 348–366.
  • Canepa, Matthew. The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 (2018)University of California Press. ISBN 9780520379206.
  • Ruda, Jurdi Abisaab.. Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years (2006)IB Tauris. p. 76.
  • Matthee, Rudi. SAFAVID DYNASTY (2008b).
  • Arnold, J. Toynbee. A Study of History V (1939)Oxford University Press. p. 514–515.
  • Perry, John R. Turkic-Iranian contacts (2006).
  • The New Encyclopedia of Islam (2003)Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 392. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.
  • Ferrier, Ronald W. The Arts of Persia (1989)Yale University Press. p. 9.
  • Davaran, Fereshteh. Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage (2010)Routledge. ISBN 978-1138780149.
  • Roemer, H. R. The Cambridge History of Iran 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods (1986)Cambridge University Press. p. 331. ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
  • Kittel, Harald. Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction. Walter de Gruyter. (2007)Walter de Gruyter. p. 1194–1195. ISBN 978-3-11-017145-7.
  • The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. (2010)Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198662624.
  • The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs (1975a)Cambridge University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  • The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs (1975b)Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  • Nagel, Tilman. BUYIDS IV. Fasc. 6 (1990). p. 578–586.
  • Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia. Ṣafavid Dynasty (2009)Oxford University Press.
  • Matthee, Rudi. The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900 (2005)Princeton Universty Press. p. 18.
  • Matthee, Rudi. SAFAVID DYNASTY (2008).
  • Savory, Roger. EBN BAZZĀZ VIII. Fasc. 1. (2008). p. 8.
  • Tucker, Ermest. Karīm Khān Zand (2020)Brill.
  • Perry, John R.. KARIM KHAN ZAND XV. Fasc. 6 (2011). p. 561–564.
  • Perry, John R.. ZAND DYNASTY (2000).
  • Windfuhr, Gernot. Iran vii. Non-Iranian Languages (3) Elamite XIII. Fasc. 4 (2006). p. 386–390.
  • Yarshater, Ehsan. IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 4) XIII. Fasc. 3 (2004). p. 234–238.
  • Perry, J.R. Zand (2002)Brill.
  • Turchin, Peter. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires. Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2) (2006). p. 223.
  • Taagepera, Rein. Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D. Social Science History 3 (3/4) (1979). p. 121. doi:10.1017/S014555320002294X.
  • Morris, Ian. The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium (2009)Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-975834-0.
  • Aghaie, Kamran Scot. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran (2011)University of Washington Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-295-80078-3.
  • Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History (2017)Yale University Press. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-300-23146-5.

Notes

  1. ↑ Official name of State from 1925 to 1979
  2. ↑ Safavid period
    1) official[1]
    2) coinage[2][3]
    3) civil administration[4]
    4) court (since Isfahan became capital)[5]
    5) literary[2][6][4]
    6) theological discourse[2]
    7) diplomatic correspondence
    8) historiography
    9) court-based religious posts[7]
    Zand period
    1) official
    Pahlavi period
    1) official
  3. ↑ in Buyid period
  4. ↑ in Sasanian period
  5. ↑ in Parthian period
  6. ↑ in Parthian period
  7. ↑ in Achaemenid period
  8. ↑ in Achaemenid period
  9. ↑ in Achaemenid period
  10. ↑ in Achaemenid period
  11. ↑ in Median period
  12. ↑ Safavid period
    1) court
    2) religious dignitaries
    4) military
    5) poetry
Retrieved from "https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/w/index.php?title=Persian_Empire&oldid=6870280"