Pioneer 10

Pioneer 10 is a space probe launched by NASA on March 2 1972. Its aims were to study the planet Jupiter as well as the edges of the Solar System. The spacecraft also carried one of two plaques, the Pioneer plaques. On the plaques were images that held some information about humans and Earth. The other plaque was on Pioneer 11. The plaques were designed by a team lead by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life should the spacecraft come into contact with it.

Pioneer 10

File:An artist's impression of a Pioneer spacecraft on its way to interstellar space.jpg An artist's drawing of a Pioneer spacecraft in space
Mission type	Outer Solar System and heliosphere exploration
Operator	NASA / ARC
COSPAR ID	1972-012A
SATCAT no.	5860
Website	Pioneer Project website (archived) NASA Archive page
Mission duration	30 years, 1 month and 24 days (active) 53 years, 10 months and 10 days (in orbit)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	TRW
Launch mass	258 kg
Power	155 watts (at launch)
Start of mission
Launch date	March 2, 1972 (1972-03-02) at 01:49:04 UTC
Rocket	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Star-37E
Launch site	Cape Canaveral LC-36A
End of mission
Last contact	Last telemetry April 27, 2002; last signal received January 23, 2003 (2003-01-23)
Flyby of Jupiter
Closest approach	December 3, 1973 (1973-12-03)
Distance	132,252 km (82,178 mi)
Instruments HMV Helium Vector Magnetometer - Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer CPI Charged Particle Instrument CRT Cosmic Ray Telescope GTT Geiger Tube Telescope TRD Trapped Radiation Detector - Meteoroid Detectors AMD Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector - Ultraviolet Photometer IPP Imaging Photopolarimeter - Infrared Radiometer
150px Pioneer

It was launched on March 3, 1972 at 01:50:00 UTC (March 2 local time), by an Atlas-Centaur expendable vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

On July 15, 1972, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft that entered the asteroid belt, and then on February 15, 1973, Pioneer 10 exited the asteroid belt. During this period, the spacecraft did encounter some asteroid hits, although fewer than expected.

Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft that explored the fifth planet from the Sun, Jupiter. Photography of Jupiter began November 6, 1973, at a range of 25,000,000 kilometers (16,000,000 mi), and about 500 images were transmitted. On December 4, 1973, Pioneer 10 made the closest approach with Jupiter at a range of 132 250 km (82 180 miles). During the mission, the on-board instruments were used to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter, the solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the Solar System and heliosphere. In 1976, Pioneer 10 passed Saturn's orbit, on February 11, 1979 it passed Uranus's orbit, on April 25, 1983 it passed Pluto, and on June 13, 1983, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft that passed Neptune's orbit.

The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when Pioneer 10 was by that time at a distance 67 AU, which is 6.2 billion miles from the Sun or 10 billion km from the Sun.

On February 17, 1998, Pioneer 10 was surpassed in the distance to the Sun by Voyager 1 at the distance 70 AU (6.5 billion miles or 10.4 billion km) from the Sun.

There's not communication with the space probe anymore; the last contact was on January 23, 2003 and on March 2, 2006 a final attempt at contact failed. This was the last time Pioneer 10 was aligned with Earth, and no further contact would be possible.

By 2019, Pioneer 10 was predicted to exit the heliosphere and enter interstellar space.

On July 18, 2023, Pioneer 10 is predicted to be surpassed in the distance from the Sun by Voyager 2 at the distance 133.93 AU (around 12.45 billion miles or around 20.036 billion km) from the Sun.

Pioneer 10 Media

• SNAP-19 RTGs mounted on an extension boom of Pioneer 10 replica

• Pioneer 10-11 - P50 - fx.jpg

  The magnetometer, mounted on a long boom to keep it far away from the RTGs measures magnetic fields in space and in the vicinity of Jupiter. The electronics at the left of the magnetometer are mounted in the spacecraft.

• Pioneer 10-11 - P51b - fx.jpg

  A plasma analyzer peers through a hole in the large dish-shaped antenna to detect particles of the solar wind originating from the Sun.

• Pioneer 10-11 - P52a - fx.jpg

  Charged particle detectors are used to study the life history of cosmic rays in the Solar System.

• A combination of cosmic ray telescopes seeks further information on the composition of the cosmic ray particles and their energy ranges.

• Pioneer 10-11 - p53 - fx.jpg

  A Geiger tube telescope characterizes Jupiter's radiation belts using seven Geiger-Muller tubes to survey the intensities, energy spectra, and angular distributions of electrons and protons along the spacecraft's path through the radiation belts of Jupiter.

• Pioneer 10-11 - P54 - fx.jpg

  Radiation is further explored over an even broader range of energies by a trapped radiation detector.

• Pioneer 10-11 - P56 - fx.jpg

  Twelve panels of pressurized cell detectors mounted on the back of the main dish antenna record penetrating impacts of small meteoroids. In this image is a single cell detector.

• Pioneer 10-11 - P55b - fx.jpg

  Meteoroid-asteroid detector looks into space with four non-imaging telescopes to track particles ranging from close-by bits of dust to distant large asteroids.

• Pioneer 10-11 - P57a - fx.jpg

  Ultraviolet light is sensed by this ultraviolet photometer to determine the quantities of hydrogen and helium in space and on Jupiter.