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# Jupiter

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Jupiter
Full-disc view in natural color in April 2014[a]
Designations
Pronunciation[1]
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion816.62 million kilometres (5.4588 AU)
Perihelion740.52 million kilometres (4.9501 AU)
778.57 million kilometres (5.2044 AU)
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13.07 kilometres per second (8.12 mi/s)
20.020°
Inclination
100.464°
273.867°
Known satellites79 (as of 2018)
Physical characteristics>[6][7]
69,911 kilometres (43,441 mi)[b]
• 71,492 kilometres (44,423 mi)[b]
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• 66,854 kilometres (41,541 mi)[b]
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• 6.1419×1010 square kilometres (2.3714×1010 sq mi)[b][3]
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Volume
• 1.4313×1015 cubic kilometres (3.434×1014 cu mi)[b]
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Mass
• 1.8982×1027 kilograms (4.1848×1027 lb)
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• 1/1047 Sun[4]
Mean density
1,326 kilograms per cubic metre (2,235 lb/cu yd)[c]
24.79 metres per second squared (81.3 ft/s2)[b]
2.528 g
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59.5 kilometres per second (37.0 mi/s)[b]
9.925 hours[5] (9 h 55 m 30 s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
12.6 kilometres per second (7.8 mi/s; 45,000 km/h)
3.13° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
268.057°; 17h 52m 14s
North pole declination
64.495°
Albedo0.503 (Bond)
0.538 (geometric)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar level 165 K (−108 °C)
0.1 bar 112 K (−161 °C)
−2.94> to −1.66
29.8″ to 50.1″
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
20–200 kPa;[8] 70 kPa[9]
27 kilometres (17 mi)
Composition by volumeby volume:

Ices:

Diagram of Jupiter
A series of photographs taken by Voyager 1 as it approached Jupiter, made into an animation.

Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System.[10] It is the fifth planet from the Sun.[11] Jupiter is a gas giant, both because it is so large and made up of gas. The other gas giants are Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Jupiter has a mass of 1.8986×1027 kg. (318 earths). This is more than twice the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System put together.[12]

Jupiter can be seen even without using a telescope. The ancient Romans named the planet after their god Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter).[13][14] Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky. Only the Earth's moon and Venus are brighter.[15][16]

Jupiter has 79 moons. Of these, around 50 are very small and less than five kilometres wide. The four largest moons of Jupiter are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are called the Galilean moons, because Galileo Galilei discovered them. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. It is larger in diameter than Mercury. In 2018 another ten very small moons were discovered [17]

## Structure

Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System with a diameter of 142,984 km. This is eleven times bigger than the diameter of Earth.[18]

An animation of part of Jupiter's cloud system. The animation is made of over 40 photographs taken by the Cassini spacecraft between October 31 and November 9, 2000.
Four photographs of Jupiter taken in 1994. The bright white spots are explosions where parts of the comet Shoemaker Levy-9 hit the planet.
A picture by an artist of the Voyager 1 spacecraft that flew past Jupiter in 1979.

### Atmosphere

The atmosphere near the surface of Jupiter is about 88 to 92% hydrogen, 8 to 12% helium, and 1% other gases.

The lower atmosphere is so heated and the pressure so high that helium changes to liquid. It rains down onto the planet.[19] Based on spectroscopy, Jupiter seems to be made of the same gases as Saturn. It is different from Neptune or Uranus. These two planets have much less hydrogen and helium gas.[20]

The very high temperatures and pressures in Jupiter's core mean scientists cannot tell what materials would be there. This cannot be found out, because it is not possible to create the same amount of pressure on Earth.

Above the unknown inner core is an outer core. The outer core of Jupiter is thick, liquid hydrogen.[21] The pressure is high enough to make the hydrogen solid, but then it melts because of the heat.

The planet Jupiter is sometimes called a failed star because it is made of the same elements (hydrogen and helium) as is the Sun, but it is not large enough to have the internal pressure and temperature necessary to cause hydrogen to fuse to helium, the energy source that powers the sun and most other stars.[22]

### Mass

Jupiter is twice as massive as all the other planets in the Solar System put together.[12] It gives off more heat than it gets from the sun.[23] Jupiter is 11 times the width of Earth and 318 times as massive. The volume of Jupiter is 1,317 times the volume of Earth. In other words, 1,317 Earth-sized objects could fit inside it.[24]

### Cloud layers

Jupiter has many bands of clouds going horizontally across its surface. The light parts are zones and the darker are belts. The zones and belts often interact with each other. This causes huge storms. Wind speeds of 360 kilometres per hour (km/h) are common on Jupiter.[25] To show the difference the strongest tropical storms on Earth are about 100 km/h.[26]

Most of the clouds on Jupiter are made of ammonia.[27] There may also be clouds of water vapour like clouds on Earth. Spacecrafts such as Voyager 1 have seen lightning on the surface of the planet. Scientists think it was water vapour because lightning needs water vapour.[28] These lightning bolts have been measured as up 1,000 times as powerful as those on Earth.[28] The brown and orange colours are caused when sunlight passes through or refracts with the many gases in the atmosphere.

### Great Red Spot

One of the biggest features in Jupiter's atmosphere is the Great Red Spot. It is a huge storm which is bigger than the entire Earth. It is on record since at least 1831,[29] and as early as 1665.[30][31] Images by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown as many as two smaller "red spots" right next to the Great Red Spot.[32][33] Storms can last for hours or as long as hundreds of years in the case of the Great Red Spot.[34][35]

### Magnetic field

Jupiter has a magnetic field like Earth's but 11 times stronger.[36] It also has a magnetosphere much bigger and stronger than Earth's. The field traps radiation belts much stronger than Earth's Van Allen radiation belts, strong enough to endanger any spacecraft travelling past or to Jupiter. The magnetic field is probably caused by the large amounts of liquid metallic hydrogen in the core of Jupiter.[37] The four largest moons of Jupiter and many of the smaller ones orbit or go around the planet within the magnetic field. This protects them from the solar wind. Jupiter's magnetic field is so large, it reaches the orbit of Saturn 7.7 million miles (12 million km) away.[38] The Earth's magnetosphere does not even cover its moon, less than a quarter of a million miles (400,000 km) away.

#### Ring system

Jupiter also has a thin planetary ring system.[39] These rings are difficult to see and were not discovered until 1979 by NASA's Voyager 1 probe.[40] There are four parts to Jupiter's rings. The closest ring to Jupiter is called the Halo Ring.[41] The next ring is called the Main Ring. It is about 6,440 km (4,002 mi) wide and only 30 km (19 mi) thick.[41] The Main and Halo rings of Jupiter are made of small, dark particles.[40] The third and fourth rings, called the Gossamer Rings, are transparent (see through) and are made from microscopic debris and dust.[40] This dust probably comes from small meteors striking the surface of Jupiter's moons. The third ring is called the Amalthea Gossamer Ring, named after moon Amalthea. The outer ring, the Thebe Gossamer Ring, is named after the moon Thebe. The outer edge of this ring is about 220,000 km (136,702 mi) from Jupiter.[41]

## Orbit

The orbit of a planet is the time and path it takes to go around the Sun. In the amount of time it takes for Jupiter to orbit the Sun one time, the Earth orbits the Sun 11.86 times.[42] One year on Jupiter is equal to 11.86 years on Earth. The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million kilometres. This is five times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Jupiter is not tilted on its axis as much as Earth or Mars. This causes it to have no seasons, for example summer or winter. Jupiter rotates, or spins around very quickly.[43] This causes the planet to bulge in the middle. Jupiter is the fastest spinning planet in the Solar System.[43] It completes one rotation or spin in 10 hours.[11] Because of the bulge, the length of the equator of Jupiter is much longer than the length from pole to pole.[44]

## Research and exploration

### From Earth

Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky, after the Moon and Venus.[15] Because of that, people have always been able to see it from Earth. The first person known to really study the planet was Galileo Galilei in 1610.[45] He was the first person to see Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.[45] This was because he used a telescope, unlike anyone before him.

No new moons were discovered for more than two hundred years. In 1892, astronomer E.E Barnard found a new moon using his observatory in California. He called the moon Amalthea.[46] It was the last of Jupiter's 67 moons to be discovered by human observation through a telescope.[45] In 1994, bits of the comet Shoemaker Levy-9 hit Jupiter. It was the first time people saw a collision between two Solar System objects.[47]

### From spacecraft

Seven spacecraft have flown past Jupiter since 1973.[11] These were Pioneer 10 (1973), Pioneer 11 (1974), Voyagers 1 and 2 (1979), Ulysses (1992 and 2004), Cassini (2000) and New Horizons (2007).

The Pioneer missions were the first spacecraft to take close up pictures of Jupiter and its moons. Five years later, the two Voyager spacecraft discovered over 20 new moons. They captured photo evidence of lightning on the night side of Jupiter.[48]

The Ulysses probe was sent to study the Sun. It only went to Jupiter after it had finished its main mission. Ulysses had no cameras so it took no photographs. In 2006, the Cassini spacecraft, on its way to Saturn, took some very good, very clear pictures of the planet. Cassini also found a moon and took a picture of it but it was too far away to show the details.[49]

The Galileo mission in 1995 was the first spacecraft to go into orbit around Jupiter. It flew around the planet for seven years and studied the four biggest moons. It launched a probe into the planet to get information about Jupiter's atmosphere. The probe travelled to a depth of about 150 km before it was crushed by the weight of all the gas above it.[50] This is called pressure. The Galileo spacecraft was also crushed in 2003 when NASA steered the craft into the planet. They did this so that the craft could not crash into Europa, a moon which scientists think might have life.[50]

NASA have sent another spacecraft to Jupiter called Juno. It was launched on August 5, 2011[51] and arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016.[52] NASA published some results from the Juno mission in March 2018.[53] Several other missions have been planned to send spacecraft to Jupiter's moons Europa and Callisto. One called JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was cancelled in 2006 because it cost too much money.[54]

## Moons

Jupiter has 79 known moons. The four largest were seen by Galileo with his primitive telescope, and nine more can be seen from Earth with modern telescopes. The rest of the moons have been identified by spacecraft.[55] The smallest moon (S/2003 J 12) is only one kilometre across. The largest, Ganymede, has a diameter of 5,262 kilometres. It is bigger than the planet Mercury.[56] The other three Galilean moons are Io, Europa and Callisto. Because of the way they orbit Jupiter, gravity affects three of these moons greatly. The friction caused by the gravity of Europa and Ganymede pulling on Io makes it the most volcanic object in the Solar System. It has over 400 volcanoes, more than three times as many as Earth.[57]

## Jupiter in the Solar System

A diagram of the inner Solar System. It shows the two groups of Trojan asteroids that follow Jupiter in its orbit

Jupiter's large gravity has had an effect on the Solar System. Jupiter protects the inner planets from comets by pulling them towards itself. Because of this, Jupiter has the most comet impacts in the Solar System.[47]

Two groups of asteroids, called Trojan asteroids, have settled into Jupiter's orbit round the Sun. One group is called the Trojans and the other group is called the Greeks. They go around the Sun at the same time as Jupiter.[58][59]

## References

1. "Jupiter". (2nd) 8. (1989). Clarendon Press.
2. Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Retrieved August 13, 2009.
3. "Astrodynamic Constants". JPL Solar System Dynamics. February 27, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
4. Seidelmann, P.K.; Abalakin, V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Burgh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Oberst, J.; Simon, J.L. et al. (2001). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 82 (1): 83. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
5. Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F. et al. (2007). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 98 (3): 155–180. .
6. de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). Planetary Sciences (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. .
7. "Probe Nephelometer". Galileo Messenger (6). March 1983. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
8. Knecht, Robin (October 24, 2005). "On The Atmospheres Of Diﬀerent Planets".
9. 'Jupiter' is pronounced [ˈdʒuːpɨtɚ]
10. "What Is Jupiter?". NASA. 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
11. Hamilton, Calvin (2015). "The Solar System". solarviews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
12. Stuart Ross Taylor (2001). Solar system evolution: a new perspective : an inquiry into the chemical composition, origin, and evolution of the solar system (2nd, illus., revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. .
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19. https://astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2019/07/48-is-jupiter-a-failed-star
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21. "Jupiter". NASA. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
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24. "Jupiter". Solar View. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
25. Denning, W. F. (1899). "Jupiter, early history of the great red spot on". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 59: 574–584. .
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34. "Jupiter's Magnetosphere". Astrophysics Spectator. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
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ISBN 3642044573

Notes

1. This picture was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, using the Wide Field Camera 3, on April 21, 2014. Jupiter's atmosphere and what it looks like changes a lot, and so what it looks like today may not look like what it was when this image was taken. But, in this picture are some things that stay the same, such as the famous Great Red Spot, which is in the lower right of the picture, and the planet's bands.
2. Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure
3. Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure