Europa (moon)
Europa is a large moon of the planet Jupiter. It is a little smaller than Earth's Moon and it is the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System.
| File:Europa in natural color.png Europa has a white surface | |||||||||
| Discovery | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discovered by | Galileo Galilei Simon Marius | ||||||||
| Discovery date | 8 January 1610 | ||||||||
| Designations | |||||||||
| Jupiter II | |||||||||
| Adjectives | Europan | ||||||||
| Orbital characteristics[2] | |||||||||
| Epoch 8 January 2004 | |||||||||
| Periapsis | 664862 km[a] | ||||||||
| Apoapsis | 676938 km[b] | ||||||||
Mean orbit radius | 670900 km[1] | ||||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.009[1] | ||||||||
| 3.551181 d[1] | |||||||||
Average orbital speed | 13.740 km/s[1] | ||||||||
| Inclination | 0.470° (to Jupiter's equator) 1.791° (to the ecliptic)[1] | ||||||||
| Satellite of | Jupiter | ||||||||
| Physical characteristics | |||||||||
Mean radius | 1560.8±0.5 km (0.245 Earths)[3] | ||||||||
| 3.09×107 km2 (0.061 Earths)[c] | |||||||||
| Volume | 1.593×1010 km3 (0.015 Earths)[d] | ||||||||
| Mass | (4.799844±0.000013)×1022 kg (0.008 Earths)[3] | ||||||||
Mean density | 3.013±0.005 g/cm3[3] | ||||||||
| 1.314 m/s2 (0.134 g)[e] | |||||||||
| 0.346±0.005[4] (estimate) | |||||||||
| 2.025 km/s[f] | |||||||||
| Synchronous | |||||||||
| 0.1°[5] | |||||||||
| Albedo | 0.67 ± 0.03[3] | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| 5.29 (opposition)[3] | |||||||||
| Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure | 0.1 µPa (10−12 bar)[6] | ||||||||
Europa's diameter is about 3000 kilometers. It probably has an iron core, and a thin atmosphere of mostly oxygen. The surface is icy and very smooth. There are not a lot of craters, but there are some cracks and lines.
Scientists believe that there is a liquid ocean under the surface, and that it is kept warm by tidal heating.[7] In other words, heat from tidal flexing (Jupiter's strong gravitational pull on Europa) makes it warm. Europa certainly has a lot of water.[8]
The moon Europa was found by Simon Marius in December 1609. Galileo Galilei first saw the moon in January 1610 (he did not know Marius had found it). Simon Marius was the one who had the idea of the name 'Europa'.
Europa is named after a princess from Greek mythology who became the first queen of Crete.
Europa (moon) Media
- Galilean moon Laplace resonance animation 2.gif
Animation of the Laplace resonance of Io, Europa and Ganymede (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)
Size comparison of Europa (lower left) with the Moon (top left) and Earth (right)
- Europa poster.svg
Model of Europa's possible interior structure, with a thin ice crust and a subsurface ocean atop a rocky mantle and metallic core
- Europa PIA2387x - Chaos Transition, Crisscrossing Bands & Chaos Near Agenor Linea.jpg
Closeup views of Europa obtained on 26 September 1998; images clockwise from upper left show locations from north to south as indicated at lower left.
- CO2 Europa.png
A series of images of Europa in different wavelengths by the James Webb Space Telescope. The different wavelengths show the presence of different forms of carbon dioxide on Europa.
- 11214 2023 990 Fig1 HTML.webp
Europa's ice shell processes and tidal heating
- Photo composite of suspected water plumes on Europa.jpg
Photo composite of suspected water plumes on Europa
- Plate Tectonics on Europa.jpg
Hypothetical subduction-like activity which may be occurring on Europa
- Europa - PJ45-1.png
True color mosaic of Europa's numerous lineae. The region of lineae at the center of this image is the Annwn Regio.
- PIA26239-EuropaMoon-OxygenProduction-20240304.jpg
Diagram of how Europa's atmosphere is created by bombardment from ionized particles
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Overview of Europa Facts". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ↑ "JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service". Solar System Dynamics. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Yeomans, Donald K. (13 July 2006). "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
- ↑ McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". In Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; Khurana, Krishan K. (eds.). Europa. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2844-8.
- ↑ Greenberg, Richard; Europa: the ocean moon: search for an alien biosphere, Springer Praxis Books, 2005
- ↑ Chang, Kenneth (12 March 2015). "Suddenly, it seems, water is everywhere in Solar System". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2015. [1]
Notes
- ↑ Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1−e).
- ↑ Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1+e).
- ↑ Surface area derived from the radius (r): 4πr 2
- ↑ Volume derived from the radius (r): 4/3πr 3
- ↑ Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): Gm/r 2
- ↑ Escape velocity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): [math]\displaystyle{ \textstyle\sqrt{\frac{2Gm}{r}} }[/math]
Other websites
- Europa Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine