Predation
In ecology, predation describes a relationship and actions between two creatures. A predator catches, attacks, and eats its prey.[1] Predators may or may not kill their prey before eating them. But the act of predation always causes the death of its prey and taking in the prey's body parts into the predators body. A true predator can be thought of as one which both kills and eats another animal, but many animals act as both predator and scavenger.
A predator is an animal that hunts, catches, and eats other animals. For example, a spider eating a fly caught at its web is a predator, or a pack of lions eating a buffalo. The animals that the predator hunts are called prey. Predators mostly do not eat other predators.[2] [3] [4] It has also been suggested that they know it may transmit disease. [5] A top predator or apex predator is one that is not the prey of other predators.
Predators are usually carnivores (meat-eaters) or omnivores (eats plants and other animals). Predators will hunt other animals for food. Examples of predators are hawks, eagles, falcons, cats, crocodiles, snakes, raptors, wolves, killer whales, lobsters, lions, and sharks.
Ambush predator
Ambush predators or sit-and-wait predators are carnivorous animals or other organisms, such as some carnivorous plants. They capture or trap prey by stealth or strategy (not conscious strategy), rather than just by speed or strength.
These organisms usually hide quiet and wait for prey to come within striking distance. They often are camouflaged, and may be solitary. This may be safer for the predator, because lying in wait exposes it less to its own predators.
When a predator cannot move faster than its preferred prey, ambushing its prey is likely to be more efficient than pursuit. A predator that can move at high speed for a long time can be a pursuit predator, chasing until its prey tires and slows. There are however many intermediate strategies; for example when a pursuit predator is faster than its prey over a short distance, but not in a long chase, then either stalking or ambushing becomes part of the strategy.[6]
Gallery
A young Red-tailed Hawk eating a California Vole.
American Alligator eating Blue Crab
Predation Media
Solitary predator: a polar bear feeds on a bearded seal it has killed.
Spider wasps paralyse and eventually kill their hosts, but are considered parasitoids, not predators.
Relation of predation to other feeding strategies
Paramecium, a predatory ciliate, feeding on bacteria
A basic foraging cycle for a predator, with some variations indicated
The black-browed albatross regularly flies hundreds of kilometres across the nearly empty ocean to find patches of food.
Seven-spot ladybirds select plants of good quality for their aphid prey.
The chameleon attacks prey by shooting out its tongue.
Wolves, social predators, cooperate to hunt and kill bison.
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Related pages
References
- ↑ Begon M; Townsend C. & Harper J. 1996. Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities. 3rd ed, Blackwell Science, London. ISBN 978-0-86542-845-4, ISBN 978-0-632-03801-5, ISBN 978-0-632-04393-4
- ↑ "Why Don't Predators Often Eat Other Predators? - Londolozi Blog". 3 March 2018.
- ↑ "Carnivore". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ↑ "Do predators eat each other? | SiOWfa16: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy". sites.psu.edu. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ↑ "Carnivores know that eating other carnivore carcasses transmits diseases". phys.org. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ↑ Inon Scharf, Einat Nulman, Ofer Ovadia & Amos Bouskila (2006). "Efficiency evaluation of two competing foraging modes under different conditions" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 168 (3): 350–357. doi:10.1086/506921. PMID 16947110. S2CID 13809116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
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