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Punial State

Punial (Persian: پانیال, Urdu: پونیال), also known as Puniyal (Persian: پانیال; Urdu: پونیال), was a princely state in the Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan.[1] Initially, it functioned as a principality and subsequently became a princely state under a subsidiary alliance with the British India starting in 1885 and continuing until August 1947.[2] For a brief period of three months, it remained unaligned after gaining independence, and then from November 1947 until 1974, it retained its status as a princely state within Pakistan. The territory of Punial now constitutes the Ghizer district of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.[3]

Punial State
پانیال‎  (Persian)
ریاست پونیال‎  (Urdu)
c. 1400–1974
Flag of Punial
Pakistan_-_Gilgit-Baltistan_-_Ghizer
StatusIndependent Kingdom (until 1885)
Princely state of British India (1885–1947)
Princely state of Pakistan (1947–1974)
CapitalGahkuch
Official languagesPersian (official court language until 1947)
Shina (after 1947)
Ethnic groups
Shina, Burushaski and Khowar
Religion
Ismailism
Demonym(s)Puniyaikutz
GovernmentPrincipality
Establishment1400s
History 
• 
c. 1400
• 
24 September 1974
Area
• Total
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Today part ofPakistan
Coat of arms of Pakistan
This article is part of the series
Former subdivisions of Pakistan


The British called it a "Special Political District" of the Gilgit Agency during the Great Game.[4] It was located in the northwest part of the former Northern Areas. The princely state of Punial included the territories of Ishkoman taken in 1886, Gupis-Yasin taken in 1887, some parts of Nagar and Gilgit taken in 1889.[5][6]

History

Punial is a region located in the northern part of Pakistan, specifically within the Gilgit-Baltistan territory. The name "Punial" derives from the Shina language, meaning "fertile land" and "bucket of fruits." The region is adjacent to the Gilgit Agency and has a rich cultural and historical heritage.[7][8][9]

Historical Context

Historically, the inhabitants of Punial practiced the Arian belief system of Mazdaism (آتش پرست), which contributed to the area’s early cultural identity. Over the centuries, the Shina language became a significant part of local culture, facilitating communication among diverse ethnic groups.[10] In ancient times, Punial also had a notable Hindu presence, which added to its cultural diversity. Following the era of Dardistan, Indo-Aryans settled in the region, leading to a gradual transition of the population from Buddhism to Islam.[11][12] Punial has been inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Shina, Burushaski, and others.[1]

Initially governed by local tribal chiefs representing various cultural groups, Punial eventually fell under the influence of the Katoor family of Chitral, who were Sunni Muslims.[13] The Katoors consolidated power in the region, and in 1876, the Mehtar of Chitral, Aman ul-Mulk[14], conquered Punial, imposing tribute requirements on neighboring states and further solidifying Sunni rule.

The Ayasho Dynasty

The Ayasho dynasty emerged in the mid-19th century when Prince Bakhtawar Shah, a descendant of the ruling family of Hunza, sought refuge in Punial in 1857 due to a rivalry with his elder brother, Mir Ghazan Khan.[15] After settling in Punial, Bakhtawar Shah navigated local politics and allied with the Syeds who were the fathers and uncles of Pir Syed Karam Ali Shah[16][17][18] and British authorities. He was appointed as a political agent by the British in 1863, subsequently rising to the rank of Major in the British Indian Army.[19][20]

In 1868, Bakhtawar Shah led a successful revolt against the Katoors at Singal, gaining popular support and taking control of Gahkuch.[21] This marked the establishment of the Ayasho dynasty of Punial in 1885, recognized as the first Ismaili state in the region.

The first Aqa of Punial was Colonel Aqa Akbar Ali Shah, who ascended to power at the age of 17. Under his leadership he founded the Punial Levies (a strong force of personal bodyguards later to become the Gilgit Baltistan Scouts)[22], he engaged in military campaigns against the Katoors, successfully besieging the city of Sherqilla and compelling Raja Isa Bahadur, the Katoor ruler, to acknowledge him as the supreme authority of Punial.[23]

From 1885 until 1974, the Ayasho dynasty ruled Punial, overseeing territories that included Yasin, Gupis, Ghizer, Kuh (Phander), Southern Nagar, and Gilgit. The dynasty played a crucial role in shaping the region's political and cultural landscape, particularly in promoting the Ismaili faith.[24][25]

Territorial Claims and Governance

The governance of Punial during the Ayasho dynasty was characterized by a blend of traditional tribal leadership and centralized authority. Initially, local tribal chiefs managed specific territories, with each chief representing different ethnic groups and cultural traditions. However, as the Ayasho dynasty consolidated its power, it established a more unified governance structure, allowing for better resource management and territorial claims.[2][3]

The Ayasho rulers claimed extensive territories, including not only Punial but also neighboring areas such as Yasin, Gupis, Ishkoman, Ghizer, Kuh (Phander), Southern Nagar, and Gilgit. This territorial expansion was facilitated by Prince Bakhtawar Shah's strategic alliances and military campaigns designed to secure control over valuable agricultural lands and grazing areas. The region’s agricultural base was essential for sustaining the population, and the Ayasho dynasty focused on enhancing agricultural productivity, which included improving irrigation systems and fostering trade.[26]

Punial's strategic location made it a crossroads for various cultural and economic exchanges. The Ayasho rulers capitalized on this by establishing trade relations with neighboring regions and facilitating the movement of goods. This economic integration helped elevate Punial's status as a significant hub within the broader context of Gilgit-Baltistan.[27]

British Influence and Administrative Changes

 
A painting of the Gahkuch Fort, seen with the Nizari Ismaili Flag being raised after being taken by the Ayasho Dynasty of Punial.

The British colonial presence in the region profoundly impacted the Ayasho dynasty's governance and the political landscape of Punial. The British sought to maintain stability in their territories while exerting influence over neighboring regions. As a result, they recognized Prince Bakhtawar Shah's authority and provided him with support to ensure that local governance aligned with British interests.[28][29]

The British administration allowed for a degree of autonomy within Punial, enabling the Ayasho rulers to manage local affairs while adhering to British directives. This arrangement benefitted both parties: the British maintained their strategic interests in the region, and the Ayasho dynasty received legitimacy and resources to solidify its power.[4]

The relationship between the Ayasho dynasty and the British was instrumental in shaping the future of Punial. The British facilitated infrastructure development, including roads and communication systems, which connected Punial to other parts of Gilgit-Baltistan. This enhanced connectivity was crucial for trade and the movement of goods, further strengthening Punial's economic standing in the region.[30][31]

Cultural and Religious Significance

 
The beautiful landscape of Punial.

The Ayasho dynasty's rule significantly influenced the cultural and religious landscape of Punial. As proponents of the Ismaili faith, the rulers fostered a sense of identity and unity among the local population. The spread of Ismailism contributed to a distinctive cultural milieu marked by unique religious practices, festivals, and communal gatherings that brought people together.[32][33]

Under the Ayasho dynasty, various educational and religious institutions were established, promoting an environment that valued knowledge and community development. The promotion of education was particularly significant, as it provided opportunities for the youth of Punial to pursue learning and contribute to their community’s advancement. The establishment of schools and religious centers fostered literacy and awareness, contributing to a more educated populace.[34]

The region's cultural heritage is also reflected in its art, architecture, and traditions. The influence of the Ayasho dynasty can be seen in local craftsmanship, including intricate woodwork and traditional textiles that highlight the artistic skills of the people. Festivals and communal events celebrated the rich cultural tapestry of Punial, reinforcing social bonds and shared identity among its inhabitants.[35]

The architectural style in Punial, particularly in its religious and public buildings, reflects a unique fusion of cultural influences, showcasing a blend of traditional and modern designs that resonate with the region's historical narrative.[36][37]

Socioeconomic Development

 
The Gahkuch Fort, once primary residence of the rulers of Punial. Became the first Jamatkhana within the region after conquest by the Ayasho Family of Punial.

During the Ayasho dynasty's rule, significant strides were made in socioeconomic development. The Ayasho rulers implemented policies that aimed to improve agricultural practices, enhance trade, and develop local industries. This focus on economic prosperity was critical in stabilizing the region and ensuring the welfare of its inhabitants.[5][6]

Agricultural advancements included the introduction of new crops, improved irrigation techniques, and the promotion of cooperative farming practices. These measures resulted in increased agricultural productivity, which helped sustain the growing population and laid the foundation for a thriving economy.[7]

Trade routes established during this time facilitated the exchange of goods between Punial and neighboring regions, fostering economic interdependence. Local artisans flourished, producing textiles, handicrafts, and agricultural products that contributed to Punial's economy.[8]

Legacy and Modern Era

The legacy of the Ayasho dynasty remains a crucial part of Punial's identity today. The historical governance, cultural richness, and religious significance established during this period have left a lasting impact on the region. The Ismaili faith continues to play an integral role in the lives of many residents, shaping their values, community interactions, and social structures.[38][39][40]

Despite the end of the Ayasho dynasty's rule in 1974, its influence can still be observed in the region's cultural practices, social organization, and communal life. The historical narratives and traditions passed down through generations continue to inform the identity of Punial's inhabitants, ensuring that the legacy of their past remains vibrant and relevant.[41]

In the modern era, Punial faces new challenges and opportunities. The region has experienced infrastructural developments, such as improved roads and communication systems, which have facilitated greater connectivity with other parts of Gilgit-Baltistan and beyond. This increased connectivity has opened new avenues for trade, tourism, and economic development, allowing Punial to emerge as a dynamic part of the larger regional landscape.[42]

Efforts to preserve the cultural heritage and promote sustainable development in Punial have gained momentum in recent years. Community initiatives aimed at cultural preservation, environmental sustainability, and economic empowerment are helping to ensure that Punial continues to thrive while honoring its rich history.[43]

Geography

 
The Himalayan Ibex.

Location

Punial State was located in the northern part of Pakistan, within the Gilgit-Baltistan region. It was situated to the north of the Ghizer District and bordered the Yasin Valley to the northeast. Punial was characterized by its strategic position near the Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountain ranges, which contributed to its unique geography and ecological diversity.[44][45]

Topography

The topography of Punial was varied and included a mix of rugged mountains, fertile valleys, and flowing rivers. The elevation in Punial varied significantly, with valley floors around 1,200 meters (3,937 feet) above sea level and surrounding peaks reaching heights over 7,000 meters (22,965 feet). This dramatic variation in elevation created a striking landscape with steep slopes and high-altitude plateaus.[46][9]

The Punial Valley, the region's central feature, was known for its agricultural potential. The valley was nourished by several rivers and streams originating from nearby glaciers, including the Hunza River and its tributaries. These water sources were essential for irrigation and contributed to the livelihoods of the local population.[47][10]

Climate

 
The tehsil of Punial within Ghizer district of Gilgit Baltistan.

Punial experienced a temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. Summers were generally mild, with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F), while winters could be harsh, with temperatures often dropping below freezing, particularly in the higher elevations. The region received moderate rainfall during the summer months, which supported agricultural activities and the growth of diverse vegetation.[48][49]

Snowfall was common during winter, especially in the mountainous areas, creating a picturesque landscape and influencing local climate patterns. The favorable summer climate attracted tourists for trekking, exploring, and engaging in agricultural activities.[50]

Natural Resources

The geography of Punial was rich in natural resources, including fertile agricultural land, mineral deposits, and forests. The valleys supported the cultivation of various crops, such as wheat, barley, maize, and numerous fruits, including apricots, cherries, and apples. Livestock farming, particularly goats and sheep, was also an integral part of the local economy.[11][12][13]

Glaciers in the mountainous terrain were vital for water supply and hydroelectric power generation. The melting of these glaciers fed into rivers that were crucial for irrigation and hydropower projects, highlighting the significance of these natural features for sustaining the local community.[14]

Biodiversity

Punial's geography supported a rich biodiversity, with ecosystems that ranged from lush valleys to alpine meadows. The region was home to unique species of flora and fauna, including endemic plants and wildlife. Forests in the lower elevations consisted mainly of coniferous trees, while higher altitudes featured alpine vegetation, such as various herbs and shrubs adapted to harsh conditions.[51]

Wildlife in Punial included species such as the Marco Polo sheep, Ibex, and Snow Leopard, as well as various bird species. This biodiversity made Punial a notable area for conservation efforts and ecotourism, attracting visitors interested in trekking and wildlife observation.[52][15]

Demographics

 
The scenery of a village located in the Punial tehsil of district Ghizer.

Population Size

The population of Punial was relatively small compared to larger urban centers in Pakistan. Estimates indicated that the population ranged from approximately 30,000 to 50,000 residents, with variations due to factors such as migration, local birth rates, and census updates. The population density in the region varied, being higher in fertile valleys and lower in the mountainous areas.[53][16][17][18]

Ethnic Composition

Punial was home to various ethnic groups, primarily the Shina, who spoke the Shina language, which is a Dardic language.[54][19] Other groups included the Burusho, Khowar, and Persian speakers, contributing to the region's cultural diversity. The presence of multiple ethnicities enriched Punial's cultural landscape, resulting in a blend of languages, traditions, and social practices.[20][21]

Religion

The religious landscape of Punial was predominantly Islamic, with the majority of the population being followers of the Ismaili sect of Islam, though there were also Sunni and Shia Muslims present in the region.[55][56] The Ismaili community in Punial had a strong cultural and historical connection to the region, influencing local governance, education, and social structures.[57][58][22]

Language

The primary language spoken in Punial was Shina, which was used in daily communication and cultural expressions.[59] Urdu, being the national language of Pakistan, was also widely understood and spoken, particularly among the younger population and in educational institutions. English was taught in schools, particularly in urban areas, and was used in government and administrative contexts.[60][61][62]

Education

Education in Punial had seen improvements over the years, with a growing number of schools and educational institutions being established.[23] However, challenges remained in terms of access to quality education, particularly in remote areas. Literacy rates in Punial varied, with urban areas generally having higher literacy rates compared to rural regions. Efforts to promote education and vocational training were underway to improve literacy and skills among the population.[24]

Economy

The economy of Punial was primarily agrarian, with agriculture serving as the main source of livelihood for the majority of residents.[63] The fertile valleys allowed for the cultivation of various crops, including wheat, barley, and fruits such as apricots and cherries. Livestock farming was also prevalent, with many families raising goats and sheep.[25]

In addition to agriculture, some residents engaged in trade and small-scale businesses, leveraging the region's strategic location for commerce. The increasing focus on ecotourism also provided opportunities for economic development, attracting visitors interested in trekking, cultural experiences, and the natural beauty of Punial.[64][26]

Social Structure

The social structure of Punial was traditionally organized around family and kinship ties, with extended families often living together.[65][66] Local customs and traditions played a vital role in community life, with various festivals and cultural events celebrated throughout the year.[67][68] The region's cultural heritage was rich, with traditional music, dance, and handicrafts reflecting the unique identity of its people.[27][28]

List of Rulers

Reign Military Designation Aqa of Punial Territory Occupied
1857 - 1885 Major in the British Indian Army Prince Bakhtawar Shah Garrison city of Gahkuch.
1885 - 1899 Honorary Colonel and Founder of Punial Levies His Royal Highness Aqa Akbar Ali Shah Punial.
1899 - 1914 Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of Punial Leveis His Royal Highness Aqa Ismail Ali Shah Punial and Ishkoman.
1914 - 1999 Honorary Lieutenant Colonel of Punial Leveis His Royal Highness Aqa Zulfiqar Shah Punial, Ishkoman, Gupis, Yasin and Kuh (Phander).
1919 - 1930 Honorary Colonel of Gilgit Scouts His Royal Highness Aqa Karim Ali Shah Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Gupis, Kuh (Phander), Nagar and Gilgit.
1930 - 1945 Honorary Colonel of Gilgit Scouts His Royal Highness Aqa Zarrar Shah Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Gupis, Kuh (Phander), Nagar and Gilgit.
1945 - 1970 Air Vice Marshal of Pakistan Air Force His Royal Highness Aqa Iskandar Shah Punial, Ihkoman, Yasin, Gupis, Kuh (Phander) and Gilgit.
1970 - present Never enlisted His Royal Highness Aqa Mayoon Shah Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin and Gupis.

Aqa of Punial

 
His Royal Highness Aqa Mayoon Shah, the last ruler of Punial from the Ayasho Dynasty, during his time as the Prince of Punial.

Aqa of Punial is a title historically held by the ismaili rulers of Punial, part of the Ayasho Dynasty of Punial in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The title was conferred through a ceremonial event known as takht nisheeni, marking the coronation of the new Aqa. The eldest son of the Aqa is designated as the Prince of Punial, establishing a clear line of succession. During the British colonial period, the British government granted the title of His Royal Highness to the head of the ruling family in recognition of his contributions to the region and his cooperative relationship with the British authorities. The Aqa plays a significant role in both political leadership and cultural preservation within Punial. The first Aqa of the Ayasho Dynasty of Punial was His Royal Highness Colonel Aqa Akbar Ali Shah, while the last was His Royal Highness Aqa Mayoon Shah. This dynasty is associated with the Ismaili sect of Islam and played a vital role in promoting power, peace, and education in the region. The Aqa's leadership significantly contributed to the development and stability of the community, fostering social progress and cultural preservation throughout the valley.[69][70][71]

Prince of Punial

 
The portrait of His Royal Excellency Prince Sameer Shah in ceremonial robe of Pakistan Air Force College Chaklala (PAFCC), made by Group Captain Hussaini.

His Royal Excellency Prince Sameer Shah, mostly known by his real name Shehzada Shah Sameer Ayasho is the current crown prince of the Ayasho family of Punial and the ninth in line to inherit the title of Prince of Punial.[72][73][74] This title, conferred in 1885 by the British to his ancestor, HRE Prince Ismail Ali Shah, is exclusively granted to the crown princes of the House of Ayasho.[75][76][77] Born on September 7, 2007, at the Aqa Shah Palace in Gahkuch Bala, Prince Sameer is the eldest son of Colonel Prince Amir Shah and Princess Gul Samin. He is the eldest grandson of HRH Aqa Mayoon Shah and eldest great-grandson of HRH Air Vice Marshal Aqa Iskandar Shah. Raised in a nurturing environment, Prince Sameer was educated by his mother until the age of seven. A highly regarded teacher in both English and Urdu, she instilled in him a passion for literature and the principles of effective writing. Following a transition from royal life, his family settled in Islamabad, where he completed his matriculation in 2021.[78]

In early 2022, Prince Sameer joined the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), successfully passing academic, physical, and medical tests to enroll at the Pakistan Air Force College Chaklala (PAFCC). Here, he earned his commission in the College of Flying Training and excelled through Primary Flying Training (PFT), Basic Flying Training (BFT), and Advanced Flying Training (AFT) courses, receiving his flying wings at the age of 16.[79] Currently, he serves as an Advanced Jet Trainer Pilot, amassing over 300 solo flights. He commands the No. 5 AJT Squadron (Griffins) at PAF Base Nur Khan and holds the highest rank of Officer Cadets which is the Air Fleet Lieutenant Commander, equivalent to a 16 or 17 grade officer.[80][81]

 
Prince of Punial in the uniform of Air Fleet Lieutenant Commander of PAF College Chaklala.

Prince Sameer also went to the Combat Commanders School, where he was awarded the CCS Pilot's Sword. He later underwent Command and Leadership training at the Air War College. His operational experience includes six successful air-to-air combat missions over three months, during which he downed four UAVs of Afghan, Iranian, and Indian origin,[82] contributing to a total of eight kills for his squadron, thereby earning the Tamgha-e-Azm.[83]

In a notable incident, he successfully landed a damaged Karakoram-8 aircraft after a mid-air explosion caused by a laser-guided bomb during a training exercise.[84] Demonstrating remarkable skill, he preserved a critical asset for the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and was awarded the Golden Eagle Award for his actions. Prince Sameer was honored as a National Hero by the President of Pakistan for his bravery during the rescue operation of Pakistan International Airlines flight PK-217, [85][86] showcasing his commitment to his duties. Through his contributions to the Pakistan Air Force and his dedication to his family and heritage, Prince Sameer Shah has made a lasting impact on Pakistan and the people of Punial. He embodies the values of leadership, bravery, and service that define the legacy of the Ayasho Family.

See Also

Punial State Media

  • Present day Gilgit-Baltistan

  • British Westland Wapitis based at an airfield in Gilgit around 1930

References

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  4. ↑ Huttenback, Robert A. (1975). "The 'Great Game' in the Pamirs and the Hindu-Kush: The British Conquest of Hunza and Nagar". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (1): 1–29. ISSN 0026-749X.
  5. ↑ Khan, Masud Ahmed (20 February 2023). "The Gilgit Game, Then and Now". The Karakoram. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
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  8. ↑ "An introduction to the disputed territory of Gilgit Baltistan: The Himalayan flashpoint". www.efsas.org. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
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  53. ↑ Hussain, Shafqat (26 April 2021), "The History of Gilgit-Baltistan", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-378?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-378&p=emailaotobqhu9ds06, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, retrieved 21 October 2024
  54. ↑ Hussain, Shafqat (26 April 2021), "The History of Gilgit-Baltistan", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-378?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-378&p=emailagr0b55acb1va, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, retrieved 21 October 2024
  55. ↑ Burton-Page, John (1986). "Muslim Graves of the "Lesser Tradition": Gilgit, Puniāl, Swāt, Yūsufzai". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (2): 248–254. ISSN 0035-869X.
  56. ↑ Hussain, Shafqat (26 April 2021), "The History of Gilgit-Baltistan", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-378?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-378&p=emailaotobqhu9ds06, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, retrieved 21 October 2024
  57. ↑ "The Northern Areas of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir". www.satp.org. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  58. ↑ "Ismaili History 803 - Mission in Yasin and Punial". heritage.ismaili.net. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  59. ↑ "Picturesque Punial". The Friday Times. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  60. ↑ Times, North (21 October 2023). "The Languages of Gilgit Baltistan". North Times. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  61. ↑ "Punial Valley Ghizer - Gilgit Baltistan". Travel Pakistani. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  62. ↑ "Punial Valley Ghizer - Gilgit Baltistan". Travel Pakistani. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  63. ↑ Hassan, Ali (6 February 2023). "Gilgit Baltistan as a startup-oriented Economy". North Times. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  64. ↑ Hassan, Ali (6 February 2023). "Gilgit Baltistan as a startup-oriented Economy". North Times. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  65. ↑ "Picturesque Punial". The Friday Times. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  66. ↑ "Punial Valley". Pak Adventure. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  67. ↑ "Picturesque Punial". The Friday Times. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  68. ↑ "Punial Valley". Pak Adventure. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  69. ↑ "British raj | Imperialism, Impact, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  70. ↑ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (14 August 2022). "Winning Over The Princely States". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  71. ↑ McLeod, John (1994). "The English Honours System in Princely India, 1925-1947". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 4 (2): 237–249. ISSN 1356-1863.
  72. ↑ "Picturesque Punial". The Friday Times. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  73. ↑ "Punial: Discovering the Hidden Gems of Pakistan - Words". 24 April 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  74. ↑ Iftikhar, Gohar Ali (1 January 2020). "Gilgit Baltistan: History, Constitutional Status and Genesis of Electoral Politics 1947-2015". Journal of Languages, Culture and Civilization.
  75. ↑ McLeod, John (1994). "The English Honours System in Princely India, 1925-1947". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 4 (2): 237–249. ISSN 1356-1863.
  76. ↑ "History of The British East India Company". www.ourhistory.org.uk/. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  77. ↑ "British East India Company". HISTORY CRUNCH - History Articles, Biographies, Infographics, Resources and More. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
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  79. ↑ "Air University - Home page". au.edu.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  80. ↑ "Chaklala-PAF Base Nur Khan profile - Aviation Safety Network". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  81. ↑ "10 armed forces officers selected for civil service". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  82. ↑ "Pakistan claims shooting down Indian Army drone for 'intruding' into its airspace". Arab News PK. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  83. ↑ APP (24 March 2024). "Military awards conferred on soldiers, officers". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  84. ↑ "U.S., Pakistan Air Forces wrap up Falcon Talon 2024 – Alert 5". 26 June 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  85. ↑ "PIA plane navigation systems failed midair, flight diverted to Karachi". www.samaa.tv. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
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