British Raj
The British Raj was a colony of the British Empire from 1858 to 1947 in Indian Subcontinent. Raj is a word in Sanskrit that means "rule" and so "British Raj" means rule of the British Empire. The area of the colony is now in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. The British Raj is also called British India.[3][4]
British Raj | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1858–1947 | |||||||||||||
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| Anthem: | |||||||||||||
 1909 Map of the British Indian Empire, showing British India in two shades of pink and the princely states in yellow. | |||||||||||||
| Status | Imperial political structure (British India, a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)[2] | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Calcutta (1858–1911) New Delhi (1911–1947) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism | ||||||||||||
| Government | British Colonial Government | ||||||||||||
| Monarch of the United Kingdom and Emperor/Empressa | |||||||||||||
• 1858–1901 | Victoria | ||||||||||||
• 1901–1910 | Edward VII | ||||||||||||
• 1910–1936 | George V | ||||||||||||
• 1936 | Edward VIII | ||||||||||||
• 1936–1947 | George VI | ||||||||||||
| Viceroyb | |||||||||||||
• 1858–1862 | The 2nd Viscount Canning (first) | ||||||||||||
• 1947 | The 1st Viscount Mountbatten (last) | ||||||||||||
| Secretary of State | |||||||||||||
• 1858–1859 | Lord Stanley (first) | ||||||||||||
• 1947 | The 5th Earl of Listowel (last) | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Imperial Legislative Council | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| 23 June 1757 & 10 May 1857 | |||||||||||||
• | 2 August 1858 | ||||||||||||
• | 18 July 1947 | ||||||||||||
| 14 and 15 August 1947 | |||||||||||||
| Currency | Indian rupee | ||||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | IN | ||||||||||||
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The term British Raj is used for the direct British rule over areas that had been conquered by the British in the Subcontinent. It also included the independent princely states. These areas were governed by their own traditional rulers although they were under the overall authority of the British crown. An estimated 165 million people may have died as a result of British colonial policies from 1880 to 1920. This number is larger than the death toll from both World War I and World War II, including The Holocaust.[5][6]
Myanmar or Burma became its own British colony in 1937. The colony of Aden came under the same government from 1858 to 1937, as were British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) from 1884 to 1898 and Singapore from 1858 to 1867.
British rule ended on 15 August 1947. The borders between India and Pakistan came into effect on the 18 August. Many people died during the Partition of India.
Jammu and Kashmir, like the other princely states, had not been under direct British rule. India and Pakistan went to war over the area, which is now divided between them.
The 1861 census showed that the British population in the subcontinent was 125,945. Only 41,862 of them were civilians as compared with 84,083 European officers and men of the Army.[7] In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.[8]
British Raj Media
Mahatma Gandhi (seated in carriage, on the right, eyes downcast, with black flat-top hat) receiving a big welcome in Karachi in 1916 after his return to India from South Africa
Sidney Rowlatt, the British judge under whose chairmanship the Rowlatt Committee recommended stricter anti-sedition laws
Headlines about the Rowlatt Bills (1919) from a nationalist newspaper in India. Although all non-official Indians on the Legislative Council voted against the Rowlatt Bills, the government was able to force their passage by using its majority.
Sir Charles Wood (1800–1885) was President of the Board of Control of the East India Company from 1852 to 1855; he shaped British education policy in India, and was Secretary of State for India from 1859 to 1866.
Lord Canning, the last Governor-General of India under Company rule and the first viceroy of India under Crown rule
Lord Salisbury was Secretary of State for India from 1874 to 1878.
Elephant Carriage of the Maharaja of Rewa, Delhi Durbar, of 1903
One Mohur depicting Queen Victoria (1862)
The railway network of India in 1871, all major cities, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, as well as Delhi, are connected.
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References
- ↑ Charles Capwell (1987). "Sourindro Mohun Tagore and the National Anthem Project". Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press. 31 (3): 407–430. doi:10.2307/851664. JSTOR 851664.
- ↑ Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
- ↑ Bowen H.V; Mancke, Elizabeth; Reid, John G. 2012. Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds c1550–1850. Cambridge University Press
- ↑ Mansergh, Nicholas 1974. Constitutional relations between Britain and India. London: HMSO.
- ↑ "British empire killed 165 million Indians in 40 years: How colonialism inspired fascism | MR Online". 14 December 2022.
- ↑ Sharma, Yogada (2023-08-14). "Independence Day: 165 million unaccounted Indian victims of the British colonial regime". The Economic Times. . https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/independence-day-165-million-unaccounted-indian-victims-of-the-british-colonial-regime/articleshow/102696431.cms?from=mdr. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
- ↑ Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India". Social History of Medicine. 9 (3): 357–82. doi:10.1093/shm/9.3.357. PMID 11618727.
- ↑ Robinson, Ronald Edward, & John Gallagher. 1968. Africa and the Victorians: the climax of imperialism. Garden City, NY: Doubleday "'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.