Race (biology)
In biology, races are distinct populations within the same species with relatively small morphological and genetic differences.[1]
The populations are ecological races if they arise from adaptation to different local habitats or geographic races when they are geographically isolated.
If sufficiently different, two or more races may be described as subspecies, which is an official biological taxonomy unit below 'species'.
If not, they are called races, which means that a formal rank should not be given to the group, or taxonomists are unsure whether or not a formal rank should be given.
According to Ernst Mayr, "a subspecies is a geographic race that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name" [2][3]
Example
The key lime is a shrub that grows to a size of about 5 metres in height. It has many thorns. It produces a fruit that is yellow when it is ripe. This fruit is preferred by bartenders to mix cocktails. They prefer this lime, rather than the Persian lime.
The lime plant originally came from southeast Asia, where it is native. It was taken to the Middle East, and Crusaders took it to Europe and North Africa. Spanish explorers took it to the West Indies and the Florida Keys. In 1926, a hurricane destroyed most of the commercially-grown limes in the region. The Persian lime was reintroduced then.
Some of the original shrubs grew wild in the Florida Keys. It became clear that the originally introduced shrubs (now known as Mexican limes) had modified their fruits. These were darker green than the original Persian limes, they also had a thicker skin.[4]
More detail
In biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank below the level of subspecies. It may be used as a higher rank than "strain".[5][6] There are various definitions. Races may be genetically distinct populations in the same species, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically.[7] Genetic isolation between races is not complete (some interbreeding takes place between the groups). However, the genetic differences are not (yet) enough to put the groups into separate species.[8] The term race is recognized by some, but is not governed by any of the formal codes of biological classification.[1]
Human beings
In former times, scientists often divided human beings into races. For example, they called people with a dark skin "Negroid" or "black race". But, human gene sequences are very similar compared to many other animals.[9][10][11][12] This is one reason why modern biology says that there is only one human race.[13][14]:360
Race (biology) Media
Four different ecotypes, i.e. ecological races, of the species Physcomitrella patens, stored at the International Moss Stock Center
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Abercrombie M. and others 1990. The Penguin dictionary of biology. London: Penguin Books, entry Infraspecific variation. ISBN 0-14-051177-6
- ↑ Ernst Mayr (1970). Populations, species, and evolution : an abridgment of Animal species and evolution. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-69013-3.
- ↑ Mayr, Ernst 2002. The biology of race and the concept of equality. Daedalus, Winter 2002, 89-94. [1] Archived 2011-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Morton J. 1987. Mexican lime, p.168–172. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle
- ↑ Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M. W.; Menken, S. B. J. (1993). "Host race formation in Tetranychus urticae: Genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Submitted manuscript). 68 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x. S2CID 86180826.
- ↑ Ritchie, D. F.; Dittapongpitch, V. (1991), "Copper- and Streptomycin-resistant Strains and Host Differentiated Races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in North Carolina" (PDF), Plant Disease, 75 (7): 733–736, doi:10.1094/pd-75-0733
- ↑ Morris, Christopher, ed. (1992). "Race". Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. San Diego / London: Academic Press (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich). "Biology" entry, p. 1777. ISBN 978-0-12-200400-1.
an interbreeding subgroup of a species whose individuals are geographically, physiologically, or chromosomally distinct from other members of the species
- ↑ Jaenike, J. (1981), "Criteria for ascertaining the existence of host races", The American Naturalist, 117 (5): 830–834, doi:10.1086/283771, JSTOR 2460772, S2CID 84136840
- ↑ Race, Ethnicity (Oct 2005). "The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in human genetics research". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (4): 519–32. doi:10.1086/491747. PMC 1275602. PMID 16175499.
- ↑ Bamshad M, Wooding S, Salisbury BA, Stephens JC (August 2004). "Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race". Nat. Rev. Genet. 5 (8): 598–609. doi:10.1038/nrg1401. PMID 15266342. S2CID 12378279.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Tishkoff SA, Kidd KK (November 2004). "Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine". Nat. Genet. 36 (11 Suppl): S21–7. doi:10.1038/ng1438. PMID 15507999. S2CID 1500915.
- ↑ Jorde LB, Wooding SP (Nov 2004). "Genetic variation, classification and 'race'". Nat. Genet. 36 (11 Suppl): S28–33. doi:10.1038/ng1435. PMID 15508000. S2CID 15251775.
- ↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ↑ Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. . That this view reflects the consenus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519. PMID 27874171.