Rock cycle
The rock cycle is how rocks of one kind change into rocks of another kind.[1]
There are three main kinds of rocks: igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock. Each of these rocks can change into the other kinds by physical processes: cooling, melting, heat, weathering/erosion, compacting (squeezing tightly together), cementing, and pressure.[2]
When heated deep under ground, rocks become magma (liquid rock). Above ground, it is called lava. Sediment, the particles from rock erosion and weathering, is the basis for sedimentary rock of the future.[3]
Igneous rock is hardened magma, which can happen above or below ground.[1] It can melt into magma, erode into sediment, or be pressed tightly together to become metamorphic.
Metamorphic rock is igneous or sedimentary rock that has been heated and squeezed.[1] It can erode into sediment or melt into magma. It is formed under extreme pressure and temperature deep inside mountain chains.
Sedimentary rock is compacted sediments which can come from any of the other rocks,[1] plus remains of living things. It can erode back into sediment, or be pressurized into metamorphic rock and can be melted to magma, which forms igneous rocks.
These processes can occur in different orders, and the cycle goes on forever. Earth has several processes for changing rocks. Wind and water can create sediment from rocks, and movement of one tectonic plate against another creates enormous heat and pressure which affects rocks greatly.[4] Subduction converts all kinds into magma, which eventually rejoins the cycle as igneous rocks.
Rock Cycle Media
Diagram of the rock cycle. Legend: 1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 = sediments & sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting.
This diamond is a mineral from within an igneous or metamorphic rock that formed at high temperature and pressure
Structures of Igneous Rock. Legend: A = magma chamber (batholith); B = dyke/dike; C = laccolith; D = pegmatite; E = sill; F = stratovolcano; processes: 1 = newer intrusion cutting through older one; 2 = xenolith or roof pendant; 3 = contact metamorphism; 4 = uplift due to laccolith emplacement.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Rock Cycle (2010)". The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- ↑ "Earth Floor: Cycles". www.cotf.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
- ↑ Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy 1996. Petrology; igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. 2nd ed, Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
- ↑ Fichter, Lynn S. 2000. The Wilson cycle and a plate tectonic rock cycle. James Madison University, Department of Geology and Environmental Science. [1] Archived 2011-04-08 at the Wayback Machine