Serotonin
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. Its chemical name is 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. It is derived from tryptophan. Serotonin is found in all vertebrates, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets and central nervous system. Its name is derived from its effect on blood pressure: serotonin is a part of the serum which regulates the tonus of blood vessels.
Serotonin does several jobs within the human body. Unlike dopamine, serotonin causes happiness, while dopamine causes pleasure.[1] It is believed to regulate mood, intestinal activity and appetite, memory, and sleep. Many antidepressant medications are thought to work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the body.[2][3] Some non-medical treatments for depression have also been shown to raise serotonin levels.[4]
Serotonin is also found in insect venom, fungi and plants.[5] Its presence in the seeds of many fruits helps speed those seeds through the digestive tract of animals that consume them.[6] In insect venom, it causes pain, and sometimes death, through its effect on smooth muscle contraction.[7]
Serotonin is involved in social rank. A lobster injected with serotonin behaves like an alpha male.[8]
Serotonin Media
Serotonin system, contrasted with the dopamine system
The pathway for the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan
Biosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines, and the metabolic block in AADC deficiency. Simplified scheme of the biosynthesis and breakdown of serotonin and the catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine), and melatonin synthesis. Cofactors (BH4, PLP, Cu) and methyldonor (SAM) are connected to the respective enzyme with dashed lines. Dashed arrows do not show intermediate steps.
References
- ↑ Kauper, Gabriel. "Happiness vs. Pleasure and Why it Matters at Work". blog.deliveringhappiness.com. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ↑ "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)" (in en). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
- ↑ Stahl, S. M. (December 1998). "Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects". Journal of Affective Disorders. 51 (3): 215–235. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00221-3. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 10333979.
- ↑ Young, Simon N. (November 2007). "How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 32 (6): 394–399. ISSN 1180-4882. PMC 2077351. PMID 18043762.
- ↑ Kang K, Park S, Kim YS, Lee S, Back K (2009). "Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of serotonin derivatives". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 83 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-1956-1. PMID 19308403. S2CID 34371810.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Serotonin in Plants" (in en). News-Medical.net. 2009-12-11. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Serotonin-in-Plants.aspx. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
- ↑ Inglis-Arkell, Esther. "Why is There Serotonin in Animal Venom?" (in en-US). io9. https://io9.gizmodo.com/why-is-there-serotonin-in-animal-venom-1728495050. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
- ↑ Kravitz, E. A. (30 September 1988). "Hormonal control of behavior: amines and the biasing of behavioral output in lobsters". Science. 241 (4874): 1775–1781. Bibcode:1988Sci...241.1775K. doi:10.1126/science.2902685. PMID 2902685 – via science.sciencemag.org.