Solar sail
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A solar sail (or light sails or photon sails) is a proposed method of spacecraft propulsion using radiation pressure exerted by sunlight. The word 'sail' is by analogy with boats which use a sail to use wind to move. The concept was first proposed in the 17th century by Johannes Kepler. He had a theory that sails could be adapted to "heavenly breezes".[1]
In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell published his theory of electromagnetic fields and radiation.[2] He showed that light (one form of electromagnetic radiation) can put pressure on an object. This pressure is called radiation pressure. This provided a foundation for the science behind the solar sail. Solar radiation exerts a pressure on the sail due to reflection and a small fraction that is absorbed.
Solar pressure acts on spacecraft, in space or in orbit around a planet. A typical spacecraft going to Mars, for example, is displaced thousands of kilometers by solar pressure. The effects are predicted in planning. This has been done since the time of the early interplanetary spacecraft of the 1960s. Solar pressure also affects the orientation of a craft, a factor that is included in spacecraft design.[3]
The concept of solar sail was later used science fiction, such as the works of Jules Verne.[4]
The theory
The idea of a solar sail is to use radiation pressure from the Sun to move a spacecraft, probably using large mirrors (large light reflective surfaces). The disadvantage of the method is that the generated thrust is very small. The benefit is that no propellant is needed (as long as there is light). As a result, it is considered a possible option for future spacecraft. To date, only small test versions have been used as experiments.
The total force exerted on an 800 by 800 meter solar sail, for example, is about 5 newtons (1.1 lbf) at Earth's distance from the Sun,[5] making it a low-thrust propulsion system, similar to spacecraft propelled by electric engines. As it uses no propellant, the force is exerted almost constantly. The collective effect over time is great enough to be considered a way of propelling spacecraft.
History
Plans for the first use of the concept were made in the 1970s by Bruce Murray and Louis Friedman, two researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
On May 21, 2010, Japan's Space Exploration Agency (JAXA) successfully launched the solar sail, the IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-Craft Accelerated by Radiation Of The Sun).[6] It used a solar sail in space between Earth and Venus.[1] This was the first successful use of a solar sail.[7]
In 2010, NASA launched the solar sail craft NANOSEL-D2. The was the first success of NASA's solar sail craft.[8]
On 2 July 2019 the Planet Society, based in the United States, launched the LightSail 2 satellite, designed using solar sail technology.[9] The lightweight satellite, was launched with the SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[10] This was low budget mission funded by donations from 50,000 members. The total budget was less than 7 million USD.[11] In late July 2019, LightSail 2 opened its solar sail. It took about 3 minutes to do so.[1]
In 2036, Breakthrough Starshot will be launched to Alpha Centauri. It will take 20 years for the spacecraft to reach the system, travelling at the speed 20% of the speed of light (134 million mph). [12]
Solar Sail Media
IKAROS space-probe with solar sail in flight (artist's depiction) showing a typical square sail configuration
Force on a sail results from reflecting the photon flux
NASA illustration of the unlit side of a half-kilometre solar sail, showing the struts stretching the sail.
An artist's depiction of a Cosmos 1-type spaceship in orbit
- saildesigntypes
Proposed material for the construction of solar sails - carbon fiber.
A solar sail can spiral inward or outward by setting the sail angle
Znamya-2 (Знамя-2) after its deployment
The model of IKAROS at the 61st International Astronautical Congress in 2010
A photo of the experimental solar sail, NanoSail-D.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pearlman, Robert Z. (23 July 2019). "Solar Sailing Success: Planetary Society Deploys LightSail 2" (in en). Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/solar-sailing-success-planetary-society-deploys-lightsail-2/. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
- ↑ Maxwell, James Clerk (1865). "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 155: 459–512. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008. S2CID 186207827.
- ↑ Georgevic R.M. 1973. The Solar radiation pressure forces and torques model. The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences. 27, 1, Jan–Feb. This is the first known publication describing how solar radiation pressure creates forces and torques that affect spacecraft.
- ↑ Verne, Jules (1865). From the Earth to the Moon. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486469645.
- ↑ Jerome Wright (1992), Space sailing, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
- ↑ "Launch Day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17(H-IIA F17)". JAXA. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
- ↑ Science, Elizabeth Howell 2014-05-08T02:19:50Z (8 May 2014). "Ikaros: First Successful Solar Sail" (in en). Space.com. https://www.space.com/25800-ikaros-solar-sail.html. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "NanoSail D". Gunter's Space Page.
- ↑ Salazar, Doris Elin. "LightSail 2 sends back first signals from its solar-surfing test flight" (in en). Space.com. https://www.space.com/lightsail-2-sends-back-first-signals.html. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ↑ Glaser, April (25 June 2019). "SpaceX just launched something really cool into space" (in en). Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/technology/2019/06/spacex-falcon-heavy-solar-sail-lightsail2.html. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ↑ Berger, Eric (2 August 2019). "So, how much did the Planetary Society's light sail really sail?" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/so-how-much-did-the-planetary-societys-light-sail-really-sail/. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
- ↑ Young, Chris (2021-12-07). "A Lightsail Powered By Millions of Lasers Could Reach Alpha Centauri in 20 Years". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 2023-07-09.