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Line 1: − {{Race}} − + − When classifications of human races were first done, there were relatively few inter-racial marriages. Since then the number of mixed-race people has increased greatly. For them, the old structure does not work well. Official forms, such as the [[census]], usually ask responders to describe their [[ethnic]] origin. This is a way of saying "what racial group do you think you are?"+ − Some scientists argue that although race is a safe [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] concept in other species, it cannot be applied to humans.<ref>Keita S.O.Y. ''et al.'' 2004 Conceptualizing human variation. ''Nature Genetics'' '''36''', S17-S20 [http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1455.html]</ref>+ + − More recent genetic studies indicate that skin colour may change radically over as few as 100 generations, or about 2,500 years.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100057939 Your family may once have been a different color] by Robert Krulwich. Morning Edition, National Public Radio. 2 Feb 2009.</ref>+ − ==The criteria==+ − ===The 18th and 19th centuries===+ − [[File:Huxley races.png|thumb|275px|[[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]]'s rather complex map of apparent 'racial categories' from ''On the geographical distribution of the chief modifications of mankind'' 1870. {{legend|#a14308|1: [[Capoid|Bushmen]]}} − {{legend|#682b05|2: [[Negroid|Negroes]]}} − {{legend|#060606|3: [[Negrito]]es}} − {{legend|#ffcccc|4: [[Mediterranean race|Melanochroi]]}} − {{legend|#328a85|5: [[Australoid]]s}} − {{legend|#ff0000|6: [[White people|Xanthochroi]]}} − {{legend|#efc417|7: [[Pacific Islander|Polynesians]]}} − {{legend|#c6520a|8: [[Mongoloid|Mongoloids A]]}} − {{legend|#cb780a|8: [[Mongoloid|Mongoloids B]]}} − {{legend|#cb970a|8: [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Mongoloids C]]}} − {{legend|#f9b90d|9: [[Eskimo|Esquimaux]]}} − Huxley states: 'It is to the Xanthochroi and Melanochroi, taken together, that the absurd denomination of "Caucasian" is usually applied'.<ref>[[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley T.H.]] 1870. [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/SM3/GeoDis.html On the geographical distribution of the chief modifications of mankind] ''Journal of the Ethnological Society of London''</ref>]] − − [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]]'s classification, first proposed in 1779,<ref>The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=u9QKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312#PPA312 The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]</ref> was widely used in the 19th century, with many variations. − *the [[Caucasian race]] or white race − *the [[Mongoloid race|Mongolian]] or yellow race − *the [[Malay race|Malayan]] or brown race − *the [[Negro|Ethiopian]], or black race − *the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American]] or red race. − − ===The early 20th century=== − [[File:Meyers b11 s0476a.jpg|thumb|275px|thumb|Map from Meyers (1885-90) with breakdown of Hungarians, Finns, American Indians (Amerindians) and Turkic peoples to the "Mongoloid race" and Semites by the "White race"]] − − By about the [[First World War]] the scientifically inclined Europeans were sub-dividing the 'White race' in to 3 or 4 supposed sub-races, which were: − * Blond hair, white skinned, blue or grey eyes = [[Aryan]]s/[[Nordic]] (e.g. across northern Europe from [[Russia]] to northern Britain) − * Dark haired, white skinned, brown eyed = [[Alpine]] (e.g. some Russians, English and [[Welsh people|Welsh]]). − * Dark haired, suntanned/olive skinned, brown eyed, aquiline nose = Mediterranean (e.g. southern Italians and [[Maltese people|Maltese]]). − * Red hair, suntanned/olive or white skinned, brown eyes = [[Anglo-Celtic]]/[[Gaelic]] (e.g. [[Scots]], [[Irish people|Irish]] and Dutch). − − There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world. The Europeans and Orientals both regarded themselves as superior to the other skin colours. Racism, a non-scientific theory or [[ideology]], was that a particular race was [[superior]] or [[inferior]]. It advocated that in the races that make up the human race, there are deep, biologically determined differences. It also states races should live separately and not intermarry. A supporter of racism is called a [[racist]]. These attitudes in turn supported the horrors of African [[slavery]], [[Apartheid]], the [[Jim Crow law]]s, [[Nazism]] and [[Japanese imperialism]]. − − ===Mid 20th century=== − [[File:Stoddard race map 1920.jpg|thumb|225px|Stoddard 'race' map from the 1920s which divides humanity in to 4 skin colour groups (Black, Brown, Yellow and White).]] − − The mid 20th century racial classification by American anthropologist [[Carleton S. Coon]], divided humanity into five races: − − *Caucasoid (White) race − *Negroid (Black) race − *Capoid (Bushmen/Hottentots) race − *Mongoloid (Oriental/ Amerindian) race − *Australoid (Australian Aborigine and Papuan) race − − In his landmark book ''[[The Races of Europe]]'', Coon defined the [[Caucasian Race]] as encompassing the regions of [[Europe]], [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]], the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], and [[Horn of Africa|Northeast Africa]].<ref>Carleton S. Coon 1962. [http://www.snpa.nordish.net/racesofeurope.htm ''The origin of races''] New York: Knopf.</ref> His work drew some charges of obsolete thinking or outright [[racism]] from a few critics, but some of the terminology he employed continues to be used even today, although the "-oid" suffixes now have in part taken on negative connotations.<ref>"Race" in [http://www.bartleby.com/64/C006/057.html#RACE The American Heritage Book of English Usage] A practical and authoritative guide to contemporary English.</ref> − − In the 21st-Century, Coon's role came under further critical scrutiny when [[Prof. John P Jackon Jr]], noted that the American Coon, "actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity.".<ref>John P Jackon Jr 2001.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p88h611675861p41/ “In ways unacademical”: the reception of Carleton S. Coon's ''The Origin of Races''. ''Journal of the History of Biology''.]</ref> − − − − + − − ===Race and intelligence (IQ)=== − It was believed until recently that race and [[IQ]] were connected. The fact that environment, such as [[school]]ing and [[alcohol]] consumption/boozing has a significant effect on IQ undermines the case for the use of IQ data as a source of genetic information.<ref name="race_myth">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0813533023/ |title=biological theories of race page165 |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-18}}</ref><ref name="race_myth"/><ref name="race_myth2">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/B000F7113I/ |title=page183 |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-18}}</ref><ref name="race_myth2"/> − − This prejudice was partially applied in Europe and the USA to the [[Aborigines|Australian Aborigines]], [[Native Americans|Amerindians]], [[Black people|Blacks]], [[Roma people|Gypsies]], [[Russians]] and Russia's [[Chechnya|Chechen]]s tribes. − − == Biology == − In [[Race (biology)|biology]], a race is a [[population]], a group within a [[species]]. The race will show differences from other groups in the species, but not so much as to form a [[subspecies]]. A subspecies is a formal category in the [[biological classification]] system; a race is not. − + − + − − Image:BilliardHallForColored.jpg|A billiard hall for only [[African Americans]], in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], 1939. − − + − Image:Segregation 1938b.jpg|An African-American youth at a drinking ‘coloured only’ [[water fountain]] in a courthouse lawn in [[Halifax, North Carolina]], 1938.+ − − − − File:Bandana.jpg|[[Portugal|Portuguese]] were classed as ‘[[Mediterranean]]s‘. − − File:AnatolyPushkov.jpg|[[Mayor]] Mr [[Anatoly Pushkov]], of [[Togliatti]] in [[Russia]], would have been classed as an 'Alpine'. He was [[elected]] in 2008. − − File:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|Arabs were classed as ‘Middle Eastern’. − − File:Khotan-melikawat-chicas-d02.jpg|The Chinese [[Urger]] were classed as ‘Orientals’. − − File:Hmong women at Coc Ly market, Sapa, Vietnam.jpg|The [[Vietnam]]ese [[Hmong people|Hmong]] tribe were classed as ‘Orientals’. − − File:Apache bride.jpg| Amerindians, like the [[Apache]], were classed as ‘Orientals’. − − File:Komi peoples.jpg|The [[Komi]] of [[Siberia]] were classed as supposed ‘Orientals’ or an Oriental and Aryan mix. − − File:Azerigirls.JPG| [[Azeri]]s would have been classed as either 'Orientals' ''or'' 'Middle Eastern' − − File:Jaipur-India n001.jpg|[[India]]ns were classed as ‘Indics’. − − File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R04247, Ungarn, Sinti und Roma beim Tanzen.jpg|Gypsies were classed as ’Indics’, They face persecution even in 1920's [[Hungary]]. The picture was taken in 1928. − − File:On the beach galleryfull.jpg|[[Gambian]]s were classed as ‘Negroids’. − − File:Iglu building 1 1998-03-30.jpg|The [[Inuit]] were once wrongly classified as an 'early offshoot' of the [[human race]]. − − File:Pitesamisk beiarn 2005.jpg| [[Lapps]] were also once classified as a supposed early off shoot of the human race. − + + + − *[[Apartheid]] − *[[Nazis]] − *[[Fascist]] − *[[Discrimination]] − *[[Race (biology)]] Line 129:
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KS update 1.1
The term '''race''' or '''racial group''' refers to dividing the human species according to physical characteristics that are [[heritable|inherited]].<ref>Heritable = passed on to [[wikt:succeeding|succeeding]] [[wikt:generations|generations]]</ref> The most widely used human racial types are those based on visual [[Trait (biology)|traits]] (such as [[human skin colour|skin colour]], [[cranium|cranial]] or [[face|facial features]], [[hair|hair texture]]).<ref>Bamshad, Michael and Steve E. Olson. [http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf "Does race exist?"], ''Scientific American Magazine'' (10 November 2003).</ref>
The term '''race''' or '''racial group''' refers to dividing the [[human]] [[species]] into groups. The most widely used human racial types are those based on visual [[Trait (biology)|traits]] (such as [[human skin color|skin color]], [[cranium|cranial]], [[face|facial features]], or [[hair|type of hair]]).<ref>Bamshad, Michael and Steve E. Olson. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070604222659/http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf "Does race exist?"], ''[[Scientific American]]'' (10 November 2003).</ref> Modern [[biology]] says that there is only one human race.<ref>{{cite web|author=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|title=AAPA Statement on Race and Racism |website=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=27 March 2019 |url=https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/}}</ref><ref name="Templeton2016">Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), ''How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society'' (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26}}. That this view reflects the consenus among American anthropologists is stated in: {{cite journal|last2=Yu|first2=Joon-Ho|last3=Ifekwunigwe|first3=Jayne O.|last4=Harrell|first4=Tanya M.|last5=Bamshad|first5=Michael J.|last6=Royal|first6=Charmaine D.|date=February 2017|title=Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=162|issue=2|pages=318–327|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23120|last1=Wagner|first1=Jennifer K.}}</ref>{{rp|360}} But the word ''race'' also has a meaning in [[sociology]]. Many people react in one way if they see a [[white people|white person]] and in another way if they see a [[black people|black person]]. That's why in the [[United States]] and other countries official forms sometimes ask people to describe their [[ethnic]] origin. This is a way of saying "what racial group do you think you are?".
{{Race}}
==History==
In the 19th century and in the early 20th century, many scientists divided human beings into [[Historical definitions of race|three races]]. [[White people]] were called "[[Caucasian race|Caucasoid race]]", [[black people]] were called "[[Negroid|Negroid race]]", and the people of [[East Asia]] and Southeast Asia were called "[[Mongoloid|Mongoloid race]]".
There was much [[prejudice]] based upon this way of looking at the world. The Europeans and Asians both regarded themselves as superior to the other skin colors. Racism, a non-scientific theory or [[ideology]], was that a particular race was [[superior]] or [[inferior]]. It argued that in the races that make up the human race, there are deep, biologically determined differences. It also states races should live separately and not intermarry. A supporter of racism is called a [[racist]]. These attitudes in turn supported the horrors of African [[slavery]], [[Apartheid]], [[History of racial segregation in the United States|Segregation]] and the [[Jim Crow laws]], [[Nazism]] and [[Japanese imperialism]].
==Social darwinism and race==
[[Social darwinism]] refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition is active among all individuals, or even whole nations as [[social evolution]] in human societies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=D. Paul|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|year=2008|pages=492|chapter=The historical background of social darwinism|quote=In the social realm the competitive struggle may be among individuals or among different groups within society, different societies, or different racial or ethnic populations.|isbn=0387765212}}</ref>
==Social Darwinism and race==
[[Social Darwinism]] refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition is active among all individuals, or even whole nations as [[social evolution]] in human societies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=D. Paul|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|year=2008|pages=492|chapter=The historical background of social darwinism|quote=In the social realm the competitive struggle may be among individuals or among different groups within society, different societies, or different racial or ethnic populations.|isbn=0387765212}}</ref>
It is a social adaptation of the theory of [[natural selection]] as proposed by [[Charles Darwin]]. ''[[Natural selection]]'' explains success in various animal populations as the outcome of competition between individual [[organism]]s for limited resources. This idea is popularly known as "[[survival of the fittest]]", a term first used by [[Herbert Spencer]], not Darwin.
It is a social adaptation of the theory of [[natural selection]] as proposed by [[Charles Darwin]]. ''[[Natural selection]]'' explains success in various animal populations as the outcome of competition between individual [[organism]]s for limited resources. This idea is popularly known as "[[survival of the fittest]]", a term first used by [[Herbert Spencer]], not Darwin.
Fascist movements have commonly held [[Social Darwinism|social Darwinist]] views of nations, races, and societies <ref>Payne, Stanley G. 1945. pp. 485-486</ref> In[[Nazi]] [[Germany]], the Nazis used social [[Darwinism]] to promote their [[Racialism|racialist]] idea of the German nation was part of the [[Aryan race]] and believed in the competition of races.<ref>Hawkins, Mike. 1997. ''Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860-1945: nature as model and nature as threat''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 282 & 284</ref> The Nazis tried to strengthen the ‘Aryan race’ in Germany by murdering those they regarded as inferior. By this they meant Jews, [[Slavs]], [[Gypsey|gypsies]] and [[disabled people]].
Fascist movements have commonly held [[Social Darwinism|social Darwinist]] views of nations, races, and societies <ref>Payne, Stanley G. 1945. pp. 485-486</ref> In [[Nazi]] [[Germany]], the Nazis used social [[Darwinism]] to promote their [[Racialism|racialist]] idea of the German nation was part of the [[Aryan race]] and believed in the competition of races.<ref>Hawkins, Mike. 1997. ''Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860-1945: nature as model and nature as threat''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 282 & 284</ref> The Nazis tried to strengthen the ‘Aryan race’ in Germany by murdering those they regarded as inferior. By this they meant [[Jews]], [[Slavs]], [[Romani people|Roma]], [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]] and [[disabled]] people.
==Pictures and maps==
==Pictures and maps==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg|A racially segregated bus station in [[Durham, North Carolina]], 1940. The Jim Crow Laws racially separated parts of America between Blacks and Whites.
File:JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg|A racially segregated bus station in [[Durham, North Carolina]], 1940. The [[Jim Crow Law]]s racially separated parts of America between Blacks and Whites.
File:BilliardHallForColored.jpg|A billiard hall for only [[African Americans]], in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], 1939.
File:WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg|The cafe has two entry doors for two rooms: one for "Whites" only and "Coloureds" only.
File:WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg|The cafe has two entry doors for two rooms: one for "Whites" only and "Coloureds" only.
File:Segregation 1938b.jpg|An African-American youth at a drinking ‘coloured only’ [[water fountain]] in a courthouse lawn in [[Halifax, North Carolina]], 1938.
File:Aryan Guard 05.jpg|A group of [[white people]] who are demonstrating for white pride.
File:Åmlibunad skaut.jpg|[[Norway|Norwegians]] were classed as ‘Aryans‘.
</gallery>
</gallery>
== Related pages ==
== Related pages ==
*[[Eugenics]]
*[[Discrimination]]
*[[Race and ethnicity in the United States]]
*[[Racism]]
*[[Racism]]
==Sources==
==Sources==
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]