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Line 1: − + − '''3D printing'''<ref name=engineer>[http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/the-big-story/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/1002560.article The engineer: The rise of additive manufacturing]</ref> is when [[three dimensional|3D]] solid objects are made from a model on a computer. 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48 |title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering | publisher=Create It Real |accessdate=2012-01-31 }}</ref>+ − 3D printing is usually done with a materials printer. Since 2003, many more materials printers have been sold than before. Also, the cost of 3D printers has gone down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html |title=3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping (Plastics Technology, August 2004) | first=Lilli Manolis |last=Sherman |accessdate=2012-01-31 }}</ref> + + + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − {{tech-stub}}+ − + − + − + + + + +
KS update 1.1
[[File:ORDbot quantum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A 3D printer.]]
[[File:MakerBot ThingOMatic Bre Pettis.jpg|thumb|A 3D Printer|alt=|400x400px]]'''3D printing''' is a way of creating [[three dimensional]] (3D) solid objects.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/|title=The rise of additive manufacturing|last=Cummins|first=Kate|date=2010-05-23|website=The Engineer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48|title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering|publisher=Create It Real|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Usually, 3D printers use [[plastic]], because it is easier to use and cheaper. Some 3D printers can 3D print with other materials, like [[metal]]s and [[ceramic]]s, but they cost too much money for most people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-metal-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a Metal 3D Printer Cost in 2019?|date=July 2, 2019|website=All3DP|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>
3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and are good at making them very detailed. This means an [[engineer]] can test a lot of new designs and not have to wait for someone else to make them. They are also useful for fixing parts made of plastic, and for making toys, figures, and models. There are a lot of people who print 3D objects at home.
Since 2003, many more materials printers have been sold than before. Also, the cost of 3D printers has gone down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html|title=3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping (Plastics Technology, August 2004)|last=Sherman|first=Lilli Manolis|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref>
== History ==
'''1974''' [[David E. H. Jones]] first wrote about the idea of 3D printing in the journal [[New Scientist]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 5, 2001|title=You Read It Here First|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|journal=Science|volume=291|issue=5501|pages=39b–39|doi=10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
== References ==
'''1984''' [[Alain Le Mehaute|Alain Le Méhauté]] and others filed a patent for [[stereolithography]] (a laser-based 3D printer).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bases-brevets.inpi.fr/fr/document/FR2567668/publications.html|title=Notice|website=bases-brevets.inpi.fr|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
'''1989''': [[S. Scott Crump]] developed FDM. It is the technology used by most 3D printers today.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects|gdate=1989-10-30|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5121329A/en}}</ref>
'''1992''' The first FDM machine was sold in 1992 by S. Scott Crump's company, Stratasys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/stratasys-inc-history/|title=History of Stratasys, Inc. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>
'''2005''' RepRap became the first [[open source]] printer project <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Rhys|last2=Haufe|first2=Patrick|last3=Sells|first3=Edward|last4=Iravani|first4=Pejman|last5=Olliver|first5=Vik|last6=Palmer|first6=Chris|last7=Bowyer|first7=Adrian|date=2011/01|title=RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/reprap-the-replicating-rapid-prototyper/5979FD7B0C066CBCE43EEAD869E871AA|journal=Robotica|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=177–191|doi=10.1017/S026357471000069X|issn=1469-8668}}</ref>
'''2008''' Shapeways became the first service that would 3D print an object and send it to customers <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/|website=www.digitaltrends.com|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>
'''2017''' The first 3D printed house that humans could live in was built in Russia <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3ders.org/articles/20171024-amt-specavia-builds-europes-first-habitable-3d-printed-building.html|title=AMT-SPECAVIA builds Europe's first habitable 3D printed building|website=3ders.org|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>
== How They Work ==
[[File:STL sample 2.png|thumb|A computer model of an object before printing|alt=]]
=== Modelling ===
The first step in 3D printing something is to make it on a computer. People do this with [[computer-aided design|CAD]] (Computer Aided Design) software or a [[3D scanner#Hand-held laser scanners|3D scanner]]. To design [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_model models] in CAD, people start with basic shapes, and build from that point. 3D scanners are machines that take lots of measurements of the object and automatically make a model on the computer. They can be very fast, but are also more expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vermeulen|first=M. M. P. A.|last2=Rosielle|first2=P. C. J. N.|last3=Schellekens|first3=P. H. J.|date=January 1, 1998|title=Design of a High-Precision 3D-Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850607628716|journal=CIRP Annals|volume=47|issue=1|pages=447–450|doi=10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62871-6|issn=0007-8506}}</ref>[[File:UHTC Propeller.webm|thumb|A 3D printer printing a propellor. The video is 4 times faster than real life.|left]]CAD models are usually saved on computers as [[STL (file format)|STL]] files. They are saved as lots of triangles, which saves space on the computer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/jurnal-teknologi-science-and-engineering/oclc/889967279|title=Jurnal Teknologi|date=1977|publisher=Penerbit UTM Press|location=Johor Bahru|language=English|oclc=889967279}}</ref>
=== Printing ===
There are a lot of different ways that 3D printers work. There are also many different materials that can be used. Every method and material has its advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/11/15/a-whole-new-dimension|title=A whole new dimension|date=November 15, 2007|work=The Economist|access-date=November 13, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
The main things to think about when choosing a machine are usually speed, costs, and color. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.[[File:3D printed tactile replica of the Tsar Cannon.jpg|thumb|A finished 3D print of a cannon|alt=]]Typical layers are around 100 [[Dots per inch|μm]] thick, or about one tenth the thickness of a human hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|title=Here's What Experts Say About The Thickness Of Human Hair|date=August 5, 2018|website=TOP Cambodian Hair and Vietnam Human Virgin Hair Extensions|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Prints can take anywhere from less than an hour to many days, depending on how complicated and big it is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|title=Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing|last=Andy|date=July 10, 2013|website=3DPrinterPrices.net|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref>
=== Finishing ===
After the machine has finished printing, sometimes people [[Surface finishing|finish]] the model. This means making small fixes to make it look better. Finishing includes taking off material that the printer placed to support the model. This sometimes can take a lot of time. There are ways to make it quicker, but it is often easiest to remove plastic by hand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3dhubs.com/talk/t/best-way-to-remove-rafts-supports-and-other-extraneous-filament/494|title=Best way to remove rafts, supports and other extraneous filament?|date=January 30, 2015|website=Talk Manufacturing {{!}} 3D Hubs|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>
<br />
== Uses ==
=== DIY ===
Lots of people are trying to develop cheap 3D printers for people to use at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/best-3d-printer|title=Best 3D printers of 2019|last=Printers|first=Matt Hanson 2019-11-19T19:43:25Z|last2=scanners|website=TechRadar|language=en|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Libraries have also started to buy smaller 3D printers so that people can learn about them without having to buy one. Lots of work has been done by [[Do it yourself|DIY]] communities, as well as schools and [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hacker]] communities. By 2017, more people were starting to use 3D printing in their own home for small items such as [[gear]]s and small decorations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402221847/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/03/technology/umass-amherst-library-opens-3d-printing-innovation-center/|title=UMass Amherst Library Opens 3-D Printing Innovation Center|date=April 2, 2015|website=web.archive.org|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travelinlibrarian.info/2015/01/map-3d-printers-libraries/|title=A Map of 3D Printers in Libraries|last=Sauers|first=Michael|date=January 12, 2015|website=The Travelin' Librarian|language=en-US|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>[[File:3-D Printed Spinal Disc (5165) (18306277429).jpg|thumb|300x300px|3D printed spinal disc]]
=== Medical ===
3D printing is used to make medical supplies cheaply. People think that the two biggest uses will be making hearing aids and false teeth <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corsini|first=Lucia|last2=Aranda-Jan|first2=C. B.|last3=Moultrie|first3=James|date=August 1, 2019|title=Using digital fabrication tools to provide humanitarian and development aid in low-resource settings|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290180|language=en|doi=10.17863/CAM.37408|issn=0160-791X}}</ref>
In March 2014, surgeons in Swansea used 3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a motorcyclist who had been badly injured in a road accident.{{cn}}[[File:HCC 3D printed turbine view 1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A 3D printed engine]]
=== Manufacturing ===
In 2014, a supercar was made by a Swedish company that utilizes many 3D printed components. [[Urbee]] was the first car in the world to have its bodywork and windows 3D printed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://truthout.org/articles/the-urbee-3d-printed-car-coast-to-coast-on-10-gallons/|title=The "Urbee" 3D-Printed Car: Coast to Coast on 10 Gallons?|last=Eternity|first=Max|website=Truthout|language=en-US|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=3D Printed Car Creator Discusses Future of the Urbee|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI12MqoYQto|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref>
In 2015, a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] fighter jet flew with 3D printed parts. The [[United States Air Force]] has begun to work with 3D printers, and the [[Israeli Air Force]] has also purchased a 3D printer to print spare parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684682,00.html|title=The 3D printer revolution comes to the IAF|date=July 27, 2015|website=Ynetnews|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:3D printed sugar cube.gk.jpg|thumb|A 3D printed sugar cube]]
=== Food ===
Food can be 3D printed. Lots of different foods can be printed, like chocolate and candy, and also flat foods such as crackers, pasta, and pizza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/nasa-astronauts-can-now-3d-print-pizzas-in-space|title=NASA Astronauts Can Now 3D-Print Pizzas in Space|website=Futurism|language=en|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> NASA is printing food to create less waste and to make food that has all the right nutrients for astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/home/feature_3d_food.html|title=3D Printing: Food in Space|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=June 7, 2013|website=NASA|language=en|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> In 2018, [[Giuseppe Scionti]] printed a food that was similar to meat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprinting.com/news/researchers-develop-plant-based-steak-printing-method/|title=Researchers Develop Plant Based Steak Printing Method|date=September 28, 2018|website=3D Printing|language=en-US|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref>[[File:3D Printed Ancient Egyptian Figurine 1.png|thumb|3D printed Egyptian Pharaoh for sale on Threeding |alt=]]
=== Guns ===
In 2012, [[Defense Distributed]] uploaded files to the internet for a [[3D printed firearms|3D printed gun]] "that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer". After Defense Distributed released their plans, people were worried that they may cause problems with [[gun control]]{{cn}} A year later, in May 2013, the US State Department asked [[Defense Distributed]] to take down the plans, which they did.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/05/state-department-defense-distributed-3d-printed-gun-plans/315405/|title=State Department Asks Defense Distributed to Take Down Its 3D-Printed Gun Plans|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=May 9, 2013|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref>
'''Education'''
3D printing has increased innovation and problem-solving in classrooms. Design students can use it to print prototypes in subjects such as engineering 3D printing; demonstrations of this have already been deployed throughout some institutions around the world.
[[Category:Computer hardware]]
=== Historical ===
[[Category:Output devices]]
In the last several years 3D printing has been used to make sure that important things from history are safe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scopigno|first=R.|last2=Cignoni|first2=P.|last3=Pietroni|first3=N.|last4=Callieri|first4=M.|last5=Dellepiane|first5=M.|date=2017-01|title=Digital Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage: A Survey: Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cgf.12781|journal=Computer Graphics Forum|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=6–21|doi=10.1111/cgf.12781}}</ref> Many museums have bought 3D printers and are making pieces to fix their relics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014241/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150714-museum-uses-3d-printing-to-take-fragile-maquette-by-thomas-hart-benton-on-tour.html|title=3ders.org - Museum uses 3D printing to take fragile maquette by Thomas Hart Benton on tour through the States {{!}} 3D Printer News & 3D Printing News|date=November 17, 2015|website=web.archive.org|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and the [[British Museum]] have started using their 3D printers to make replicas to sell in the gift shop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/british-museum-releases-scans-of-artefacts-to-let-you-3d-print-your-own-museum-at-home-9837654.html|title=British Museum releases 3D printer scans of artefacts|date=November 4, 2014|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The National Museum of Military History and Varna Historical Museum sell digital versions of their items online, which everyone can 3D print at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprint.com/45699/threeding-artec-museum/|title=Threeding Uses Artec 3D Scanning Technology to Catalog 3D Models for Bulgaria’s National Museum of Military History|last=O'Neal|first=Bridget|date=02/20/15|website=3DPrint.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
[[Category:3D printing]]
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Technology stubs]]
[[Category:Innovation]]
[[Category:Printing]]