Changes

[[File:MakerBot ThingOMatic Bre Pettis.jpg|thumb|A 3D Printer|alt=|400x400px]]'''3D printing''' is a way of creating [[three dimensional]] (3D) solid objects.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/|title=The rise of additive manufacturing|last=Cummins|first=Kate|date=2010-05-23|website=The Engineer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48|title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering|publisher=Create It Real|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Usually, 3D printers use [[plastic]], because it is easier to use and cheaper. Some 3D printers can 3D print with other materials, like [[metal]]s and [[ceramic]]s, but they cost too much money for most people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-metal-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a Metal 3D Printer Cost in 2019?|date=July 2, 2019|website=All3DP|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:MakerBot ThingOMatic Bre Pettis.jpg|thumb|A 3D Printer|alt=|400x400px]]'''3D printing''' is a way of creating [[three dimensional]] (3D) solid objects.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/|title=The rise of additive manufacturing|last=Cummins|first=Kate|date=2010-05-23|website=The Engineer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48|title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering|publisher=Create It Real|access-date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Usually, 3D printers use [[plastic]], because it is easier to use and cheaper. Some 3D printers can 3D print with other materials, like [[metal]]s and [[ceramic]]s, but they cost too much money for most people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-metal-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a Metal 3D Printer Cost in 2019?|date=July 2, 2019|website=All3DP|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and are good at making them very detailed. This means an [[engineer]] can test a lot of new designs and not have to wait for someone else to make them. They are also useful for fixing parts made of plastic, and for making toys, figures, and models. There are a lot of people who print 3D objects at home.

3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and are good at making them very detailed. This means an [[engineer]] can test a lot of new designs and not have to wait for someone else to make them. They are also useful for fixing parts made of plastic, and for making toys, figures, and models. There are a lot of people who print 3D objects at home.

Since 2003, many more materials printers have been sold than before. Also, the cost of 3D printers has gone down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html|title=3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping (Plastics Technology, August 2004)|last=Sherman|first=Lilli Manolis|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref>

Since 2003, many more materials printers have been sold than before. Also, the cost of 3D printers has gone down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html|title=3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping (Plastics Technology, August 2004)|last=Sherman|first=Lilli Manolis|access-date=January 31, 2012|archive-date=January 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123144538/http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==

== History ==

'''1974''' [[David E. H. Jones]] first wrote about the idea of 3D printing in the journal [[New Scientist]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 5, 2001|title=You Read It Here First|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|journal=Science|volume=291|issue=5501|pages=39b–39|doi=10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

'''1974''' [[David E. H. Jones]] first wrote about the idea of 3D printing in the journal [[New Scientist]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 5, 2001|title=You Read It Here First|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|journal=Science|volume=291|issue=5501|pages=39b–39|doi=10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

'''2005''' RepRap became the first [[open source]] printer project <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Rhys|last2=Haufe|first2=Patrick|last3=Sells|first3=Edward|last4=Iravani|first4=Pejman|last5=Olliver|first5=Vik|last6=Palmer|first6=Chris|last7=Bowyer|first7=Adrian|date=2011/01|title=RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/reprap-the-replicating-rapid-prototyper/5979FD7B0C066CBCE43EEAD869E871AA|journal=Robotica|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=177–191|doi=10.1017/S026357471000069X|issn=1469-8668}}</ref>

'''2005''' RepRap became the first [[open source]] printer project <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Rhys|last2=Haufe|first2=Patrick|last3=Sells|first3=Edward|last4=Iravani|first4=Pejman|last5=Olliver|first5=Vik|last6=Palmer|first6=Chris|last7=Bowyer|first7=Adrian|date=2011/01|title=RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/reprap-the-replicating-rapid-prototyper/5979FD7B0C066CBCE43EEAD869E871AA|journal=Robotica|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=177–191|doi=10.1017/S026357471000069X|issn=1469-8668}}</ref>

'''2008''' Shapeways became the first service that would 3D print an object and send it to customers <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/|website=www.digitaltrends.com|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>

'''2008''' Shapeways became the first service that would 3D print an object and send it to customers <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/|title=The brief but building history of 3D printing|last=Dormehl|first=Luke|website=www.digitaltrends.com|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>

'''2017''' The first 3D printed house that humans could live in was built in Russia <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3ders.org/articles/20171024-amt-specavia-builds-europes-first-habitable-3d-printed-building.html|title=AMT-SPECAVIA builds Europe's first habitable 3D printed building|website=3ders.org|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>

'''2017''' The first 3D printed house that humans could live in was built in Russia <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3ders.org/articles/20171024-amt-specavia-builds-europes-first-habitable-3d-printed-building.html|title=AMT-SPECAVIA builds Europe's first habitable 3D printed building|website=3ders.org|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>

=== Modelling ===

=== Modelling ===

The first step in 3D printing something is to make it on a computer. People do this with [[computer-aided design|CAD]] (Computer Aided Design) software or a [[3D scanner#Hand-held laser scanners|3D scanner]]. To design [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_model models] in CAD, people start with basic shapes, and build from that point. 3D scanners are machines that take lots of measurements of the object and automatically make a model on the computer. They can be very fast, but are also more expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vermeulen|first=M. M. P. A.|last2=Rosielle|first2=P. C. J. N.|last3=Schellekens|first3=P. H. J.|date=January 1, 1998|title=Design of a High-Precision 3D-Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850607628716|journal=CIRP Annals|volume=47|issue=1|pages=447–450|doi=10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62871-6|issn=0007-8506}}</ref>[[File:UHTC Propeller.webm|thumb|A 3D printer printing a propellor. The video is 4 times faster than real life.|left]]CAD models are usually saved on computers as [[STL (file format)|STL]] files. They are saved as lots of triangles, which saves space on the computer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/jurnal-teknologi-science-and-engineering/oclc/889967279|title=Jurnal Teknologi|date=1977|publisher=Penerbit UTM Press|location=Johor Bahru|language=English|oclc=889967279}}</ref>

The first step in 3D printing something is to make it on a computer. People do this with [[computer-aided design|CAD]] (Computer Aided Design) software or a [[3D scanner#Hand-held laser scanners|3D scanner]]. To design [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_model models] in CAD, people start with basic shapes, and build from that point. 3D scanners are machines that take lots of measurements of the object and automatically make a model on the computer. They can be very fast, but are also more expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vermeulen|first=M. M. P. A.|last2=Rosielle|first2=P. C. J. N.|last3=Schellekens|first3=P. H. J.|date=January 1, 1998|title=Design of a High-Precision 3D-Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850607628716|journal=CIRP Annals|volume=47|issue=1|pages=447–450|doi=10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62871-6|issn=0007-8506}}</ref>[[File:UHTC Propeller.webm|thumb|A 3D printer printing a propellor. The video is 4 times faster than real life.|left]]CAD models are usually saved on computers as [[STL (file format)|STL]] files. They are saved as lots of triangles, which saves space on the computer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/jurnal-teknologi-science-and-engineering/oclc/889967279|title=Jurnal Teknologi|date=1977|publisher=Penerbit UTM Press|location=Johor Bahru|language=en|oclc=889967279}}</ref>

=== Printing ===

=== Printing ===

There are a lot of different ways that 3D printers work. There are also many different materials that can be used. Every method and material has its advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/11/15/a-whole-new-dimension|title=A whole new dimension|date=November 15, 2007|work=The Economist|access-date=November 13, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

There are a lot of different ways that 3D printers work. There are also many different materials that can be used. Every method and material has its advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/11/15/a-whole-new-dimension|title=A whole new dimension|date=November 15, 2007|work=The Economist|access-date=November 13, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

The main things to think about when choosing a machine are usually speed, costs, and color. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.[[File:3D printed tactile replica of the Tsar Cannon.jpg|thumb|A finished 3D print of a cannon|alt=]]Typical layers are around 100 [[Dots per inch|μm]] thick, or about one tenth the thickness of a human hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|title=Here's What Experts Say About The Thickness Of Human Hair|date=August 5, 2018|website=TOP Cambodian Hair and Vietnam Human Virgin Hair Extensions|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Prints can take anywhere from less than an hour to many days, depending on how complicated and big it is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|title=Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing|last=Andy|date=July 10, 2013|website=3DPrinterPrices.net|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref>

The main things to think about when choosing a machine are usually speed, costs, and color. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.[[File:3D printed tactile replica of the Tsar Cannon.jpg|thumb|A finished 3D print of a cannon|alt=]]Typical layers are around 100 [[Dots per inch|μm]] thick, or about one tenth the thickness of a human hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|title=Here's What Experts Say About The Thickness Of Human Hair|date=August 5, 2018|website=TOP Cambodian Hair and Vietnam Human Virgin Hair Extensions|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Prints can take anywhere from less than an hour to many days, depending on how complicated and big it is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|title=Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing|last=Andy|date=July 10, 2013|website=3DPrinterPrices.net|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030200200/http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Finishing ===

=== Finishing ===

=== Historical ===

=== Historical ===

In the last several years 3D printing has been used to make sure that important things from history are safe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scopigno|first=R.|last2=Cignoni|first2=P.|last3=Pietroni|first3=N.|last4=Callieri|first4=M.|last5=Dellepiane|first5=M.|date=2017-01|title=Digital Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage: A Survey: Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cgf.12781|journal=Computer Graphics Forum|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=6–21|doi=10.1111/cgf.12781}}</ref> Many museums have bought 3D printers and are making pieces to fix their relics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014241/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150714-museum-uses-3d-printing-to-take-fragile-maquette-by-thomas-hart-benton-on-tour.html|title=3ders.org - Museum uses 3D printing to take fragile maquette by Thomas Hart Benton on tour through the States {{!}} 3D Printer News & 3D Printing News|date=November 17, 2015|website=web.archive.org|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and the [[British Museum]] have started using their 3D printers to make replicas to sell in the gift shop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/british-museum-releases-scans-of-artefacts-to-let-you-3d-print-your-own-museum-at-home-9837654.html|title=British Museum releases 3D printer scans of artefacts|date=November 4, 2014|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The National Museum of Military History and Varna Historical Museum sell digital versions of their items online, which everyone can 3D print at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprint.com/45699/threeding-artec-museum/|title=Threeding Uses Artec 3D Scanning Technology to Catalog 3D Models for Bulgaria’s National Museum of Military History|last=O'Neal|first=Bridget|date=02/20/15|website=3DPrint.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

In the last several years 3D printing has been used to make sure that important things from history are safe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scopigno|first=R.|last2=Cignoni|first2=P.|last3=Pietroni|first3=N.|last4=Callieri|first4=M.|last5=Dellepiane|first5=M.|date=2017-01|title=Digital Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage: A Survey: Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cgf.12781|journal=Computer Graphics Forum|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=6–21|doi=10.1111/cgf.12781}}</ref> Many museums have bought 3D printers and are making pieces to fix their relics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014241/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150714-museum-uses-3d-printing-to-take-fragile-maquette-by-thomas-hart-benton-on-tour.html|title=3ders.org - Museum uses 3D printing to take fragile maquette by Thomas Hart Benton on tour through the States {{!}} 3D Printer News & 3D Printing News|date=November 17, 2015|website=web.archive.org|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and the [[British Museum]] have started using their 3D printers to make replicas to sell in the gift shop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/british-museum-releases-scans-of-artefacts-to-let-you-3d-print-your-own-museum-at-home-9837654.html|title=British Museum releases 3D printer scans of artefacts|date=November 4, 2014|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The National Museum of Military History and Varna Historical Museum sell digital versions of their items online, which everyone can 3D print at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprint.com/45699/threeding-artec-museum/|title=Threeding Uses Artec 3D Scanning Technology to Catalog 3D Models for Bulgaria’s National Museum of Military History|last=O'Neal|first=Bridget|date=02/20/15|website=3DPrint.com}}</ref>

== References ==

== References ==

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