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{{Use Pakistani English}}

{{Use Pakistani English}}

{{Infobox language

{{Infobox language

| name            = Urdu

| name            = Urdu

| altname          = Lashkari (لشکری)

| altname          = '''Lashkari''' ('''لشکری''')

| nativename      = {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُردُو}}}}

| nativename      = {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُردُو}}}}

| pronunciation    = {{IPA-hns|ˈʊrduː||hi-Urdu.ogg}}

| pronunciation    = {{IPA-hns|ˈʊrduː||hi-Urdu.ogg}}

| states          = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]

| states          = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]

| region          = [[South Asia]]

| region          = [[South Asia]]

| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]

| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]

| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]

| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]

| fam4            = [[Hindi languages|Central Zone]]

| fam4            = [[Sanskrit]]

| fam5            = [[Western Hindi]]

| fam5            = [[Prakrit]]

| fam6            = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref>

| fam6            = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref>

| dia1            = [[Deccani Language|Deccani]]

| dia1            = [[Deccani Language|Deccani]]

{{InterWiki|code=ur}}

{{InterWiki|code=ur}}

'''[[Urdu]]''' , also known as '''Lashkari''' or the '''Lashkari language''' (لشکری ‍زبان)<ref name="Ahmad2009">{{cite book|author=Aijazuddin Ahmad|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA120|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|pages=120–|quote=The very word Urdu came into being as the original '''''Lashkari''''' dialect, in other words, the language of the army.}}</ref> is the [[national language]] of [[Pakistan]] and a recognized [[regional language]] in India. It is spoken as a [[lingua franca]] by the majority of people in [[Pakistan]]. And it is also spoken in some parts of [[India]] like the states of [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. With exceptions of numerous [[vocabulary]] [[word]]s, [[phrase]]s or [[tone]] of speaking, some words are similar to spoken Hindi. When written, it is written completely different from [[Hindi]]. That is why speakers of Hindi and Urdu can have a [[conversation]] with one another, but they cannot read or write with Urdu or Hindi [[letter]]s to one another.

'''[[Urdu]]''', also known as '''Lashkari'''<ref name="Ahmad2009">{{cite book|author=Aijazuddin Ahmad|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA120|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|pages=120–|quote=The very word Urdu came into being as the original '''''Lashkari''''' dialect, in other words, the language of the army.}}</ref> or the '''Lashkari language''' (لشکری ‍زبان)<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Kanwal Khalid, PhD Associate Professor, College of Art and Design [[University of the Punjab]], [[Lahore]]}}</ref>  is the [[national language]] of [[Pakistan]] and a recognized [[regional language]] in India. It is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], meaning it descends from Proto-Indo-Aryan, a language spoken northeast of the [[Caspian Sea]] in the third millennia [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref>Trautmann, Thomas, and Yoda Press. "Indo-European topics."</ref>

 

It is spoken as a [[lingua franca]] by the majority of people in [[Pakistan]]. And it is also spoken in some parts of [[India]] like the states of [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. With exceptions of numerous [[vocabulary]] [[word]]s, [[phrase]]s or [[tone]] of speaking, some words are similar to spoken Hindi. When written, it is written completely different from [[Hindi]]. That is why speakers of Hindi and Urdu can have a [[conversation]] with one another, but they cannot read or write with Urdu or Hindi [[letter]]s to one another.

==History==

==History==

What is today most commonly known as "Urdu" is believed to have been born in the 11th century AD in Lahore and it's surroundings when the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] entered the subcontinent and ruled over [[Punjab]], the land of five rivers.<ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>

What is today most commonly known as "Urdu" is believed to have been born in the 11th century AD in Lahore and its surroundings when the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] entered the subcontinent and ruled over [[Punjab]], the land of five rivers.<ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>

Punjab was also known as "Hind" or the land east of the Indus.<ref>Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu. "East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab." (2007).</ref>

Punjab was also known as "Hind" or the land east of the Indus.<ref>Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu. "East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab." (2007).</ref>

The Ghaznavids, although racially [[Central Asia]]n, spoke [[Persian language|Persian]] as their main language. When conquering [[Punjab]] or Hind with [[Lahore]] as it's capital, they came into contact with the local population who spoke an Indo-Aryan language which began to adopt Persian words into their language. This local language was also the ancestor of modern standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

The Ghaznavids, although racially [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], spoke [[Persian language|Persian]] as their main language. When conquering [[Punjab]] or Hind with [[Lahore]] as its capital, they came into contact with the local population who spoke an Indo-Aryan language which began to adopt Persian words into their language. This local language was also the ancestor of modern standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{citebook|title=Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage|author=Nazir Ahmed Chaudhry|page=18|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, [[University of Michigan]] (origin)|ISBN=9693509447}}</ref>

The contacts between Persian and the native language of Punjab began to form a new language and that became known as 'Lashkari Zaban' or language of the battalions.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Khanwal, Kahlid Associate Professor, College of Art & Design, Punjab University}}</ref><ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>

The contacts between Persian and the native language of Punjab began to form a new language and that became known as 'Lashkari Zaban' or language of the battalions.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Khanwal, Kahlid Associate Professor, College of Art & Design, Punjab University}}</ref><ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>

From Delhi it spread across much of the northern subcontinent and became the common language of communication. It continued to be influenced by Khariboli and spread to cities like [[Lucknow]] and [[Hyderabad]] Daccan. It was also given new names and titles through the centuries.<ref>Shaheen, Shagufta, and Sajjad Shahid. "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī." Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad (2017): 7.</ref>

From Delhi it spread across much of the northern subcontinent and became the common language of communication. It continued to be influenced by Khariboli and spread to cities like [[Lucknow]] and [[Hyderabad]] Daccan. It was also given new names and titles through the centuries.<ref>Shaheen, Shagufta, and Sajjad Shahid. "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī." Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad (2017): 7.</ref>

Native poets in these cities and most of the region contributed to it's development and added many Persian and [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] words to it. They also indirectly added [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words which Persian already contained.

Native poets in these cities and most of the region contributed to its development and added many Persian and [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] words to it. They also indirectly added [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words which Persian already contained.

It continued to evolve during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the influence of Khariboli.

It continued to evolve during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the influence of Khariboli.

During this time the language commonly became known as the ''Zaban-i-Ordu'' or language of the Royal Camp.

During this time the language commonly became known as the ''Zaban-i-Ordu'' or language of the Royal Camp.

By the very late eighteenth century AD, the poet Ghulam Mashafi is believed to have given it the name "Urdu" which was shortened from "Zaban-i-Urdu."

By the very late eighteenth century AD, the poet Ghulam Mashafi is believed to have given it the name "Urdu" which was shortened from "Zaban-i-Urdu."<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>

The word is from Chagatai, the native language of the Mughals and belonged to the Eastern Turkic subfamily of languages. Chagatai was closely related to today's [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] and distantly related to today's [[Turkish language|Turkish]] because all of them belonged to the same Turkic family of languages.

The word is from Chagatai, the native language of the Mughals and belonged to the Eastern Turkic subfamily of languages. Chagatai was closely related to today's [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] and distantly related to today's [[Turkish language|Turkish]] because all of them belonged to the same Turkic family of languages.

In it's own indiginious translation it was ''Lashkari Zaban'' and ''Lashkari'' for short.

In its own indigenous translation it was ''Lashkari Zaban'' and ''Lashkari'' for short.

Also during the Mughal Empire, what commonly became known as Urdu was a court language in a number of major South Asian cities, including Delhi, Amristsar, Lucknow and Lahore.<ref>

Also during the Mughal Empire, what commonly became known as Urdu was a court language in a number of major South Asian cities, including Delhi, Amristsar, Lucknow and Lahore.<ref>

Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>

Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>

By the time of the [[British Empire]], it also became known as "Hindustani" or the language of Hindustan, the land of the Indus. It continued to serve as a court language in the same cities.

By the time of the [[British Empire]], it also became known as "[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]" or the language of Hindustan, the land of the Indus. It continued to serve as a court language in the same cities.

It was adopted as a first language by many people in [[North India]].

It was adopted as a first language by many people in [[North India]].

== Relations to Persian ==

== Relations to Persian ==

=== Differences ===

=== Differences ===

The letters in Urdu are derived from the Persian/Farsi alphabet, which is derived from the Arabic alphabet. The additional letters that are found in Urdu include ٹ ,ڈ ,ڑ (ṫ, ḋ, ṙ). To make the alphabet more enriched two letters were created for sounds ه (h) and ی (y). By adding these letters to the existing Persian letters the Urdu alphabet became more suitable for the people of [[Pakistan]] and North India.

The letters in Urdu are derived from the Persian/Farsi alphabet, which is derived from the Arabic alphabet. The additional letters that are found in Urdu include ٹ ,ڈ ,ڑ (ṫ, ḋ, ṙ). To make the alphabet more enriched two letters were created for sounds ه (h) and ی (y). By adding these letters to the existing Persian letters the Urdu alphabet became more suitable for the people of [[Pakistan]] and for some people of North India who primarily use nastaliq script. Both are also Indo-Iranic languages descending from Proto-Indo-Iranic, but deriving from separate subbranches, Iranic and Indo-Aryan respectively.{{fact|date=November 2021}}

=== Similarities ===

=== Similarities ===

Urdu is written right to left like Farsi (Persian) script. Urdu is also written in the Nasta’ liq style of Persian Calligraphy. Nastaliq style is a cursive script invented by Mīr ʿAlī of Tabrīz, a very famous calligrapher during the Timurid period (1402–1502).

Urdu is written right to left like Farsi (Persian) script. Urdu is also written in the Nasta’ liq style of Persian Calligraphy. Nastaliq style is a cursive script invented by Mīr ʿAlī of Tabrīz, a very famous calligrapher during the Timurid period (1402–1502). Both belong to the Indo-Iranic language subfamily.{{fact|date=November 2021}}

== Levels of formality ==

== Levels of formality ==

=== Informal ===

=== Informal ===

Urdu in its less formalized register has been called a ''rekhta'' (ریختہ, ), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes called ''zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla'' (زبان اردو معلہ {{IPA|[zəbaːn eː ʊrd̪uː eː moəllaː]}}), the "Language of Camp and Court."

Urdu in its less formalized register has been called a ''rekhta'' (ریختہ, ), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes called ''zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla'' (زبان اردو معلہ {{IPA|[zəbaːn eː ʊrd̪uː eː moəllaː]}}), the "Language of Camp."

In local translation, it is called ''Lashkari Zabān'' ({{Nastaliq|لشکری زبان}} [{{IPA|lʌʃkɜ:i: zɑ:bɑ:n}}])<ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref> meaning "a language of crowds" or "language made up of many languages" or "military language". This can be shortened to ''Lashkari''.

In local translation, it is called ''Lashkari Zabān'' ({{Nastaliq|لشکری زبان}} [{{IPA|lʌʃkɜ:i: zɑ:bɑ:n}}])<ref>Khan, Sajjad, Waqas Anwar, Usama Bajwa, and Xuan Wang. "Template Based Affix Stemmer for a Morphologically Rich Language." International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT) 12, no. 2 (2015).</ref> meaning "language of [[battalion]]s" or "battalion language." This can be shortened to ''Lashkari''.

The [[etymology]] of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part [[wikt:decides|decides]] how nice or well done your speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی ''pānī'' and آب ''āb'', both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی  ''ādmi'' and مرد ''mard'', meaning "man." The first word is ad derivative from Adam (آدم) Arabic mean from Adam and it can be used for both man and woman in place of human being. Second word مرد ''mard''  refers to a gender or can be used for manly hood as well.

The [[etymology]] of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part [[wikt:decides|decides]] how nice or well done your speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی ''pānī'' and آب ''āb'', both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی  ''ādmi'' and مرد ''mard'', meaning "man." The first word is ad derivative from Adam (آدم) Arabic mean from Adam and it can be used for both man and woman in place of human being. Second word مرد ''mard''  refers to a gender or can be used for manly hood as well.

If a word is of [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin, the level of speech is thought to be more formal. If [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] grammar [[wikt:constructs|constructs]], such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also thought more formal and correct. If a word is inherited from [[Turkish]], the level of speech is thought more colloquial and personal.<ref name="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">{{cite web|url = http://www.unc.edu/| title = About Urdu| publisher = Afroz Taj (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|accessdate = 2008-02-26}}</ref> The reason perhaps is the Turks influence over India deeming Sanskrit to be a lesser language than Persian or Urdu itself. For the longest time Persian was also official language of Mughul ruled territories.

If a word is of [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin, the level of speech is thought to be more formal. If [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] grammar [[wikt:constructs|constructs]], such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also thought more formal and correct. If a word is inherited from [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], the level of speech is thought more colloquial and personal.<ref name="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">{{cite web|url = http://www.unc.edu/| title = About Urdu| publisher = Afroz Taj (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|accessdate = 2008-02-26}}</ref>

=== Formal ===

=== Formal ===

Urdu is supposed to be a well formed language; many of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This [[wikt:emphasis|emphasis]] on politeness, which comes from the vocabulary, is known as '''Aadab ( Courteous )''' and to sometimes as '''takalluf (Formal)''' in Urdu. These words are mostly used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not met yet. Just like ''French '''Vous''' and '''Tu'''. Upon studying French and other forms of Language similar formal language construct are present. The whole grammatical layout appears to be almost identical to French language structure. The rules to form sentences and structuring them are identical''

Urdu is supposed to be a well formed language; many of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This [[wikt:emphasis|emphasis]] on politeness, which comes from the vocabulary, is known as '''Aadab ( Courteous )''' and to sometimes as '''takalluf (Formal)''' in Urdu. These words are mostly used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not met yet. Just like ''French '''Vous''' and '''Tu'''. Upon studying French and other forms of Language similar formal language construct are present. The whole grammatical layout appears to be almost identical to French language structure. The rules to form sentences and structuring them are identical''{{fact|date=November 2021}}

== Poetics ==

== Poetics ==

Two very respected poets who are not only celebrated in the South Asian subcontinent but are famous in many other communities worldwide are Mirza Ghalib and Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal. 

Two very respected poets who are not only celebrated in the South Asian subcontinent but are famous in many other communities worldwide are Mirza Ghalib and Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal. 

=== Mirza Ghalib ===

=== Mirza Ghalib ===

Ghalib (1797-1869) is famous for his classic satire and sarcasm as seen in the following verse;

Ghalib (1797-1869) is famous for his classic satire and sarcasm as seen in the following verse;

=== Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal ===

=== Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal ===

[[File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png|thumb|250px|Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "''Urdu''" for the language around 1790 AD. Before that this language went by different names.<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>]]

{{further|Muhammed Iqbal}}

Iqbal (1877-1938) was a poet, and an active politician. He focused his poetry on bringing out the plight of the suffering Muslim community of India. In his poetry he very boldly highlighted the missing virtues and values in the morally corrupt Indian society. Despite much opposition in the beginning, he ended up leaving a huge impact. He is also called the “Poet of the East” and the “Poet of Islam”. His work is displayed in the following verse;

Iqbal (1877-1938) was a poet, and an active politician. He focused his poetry on bringing out the plight of the suffering Muslim community of [[British India]]. In his poetry he very boldly highlighted the missing virtues and values in the morally corrupt Indian society. Despite much opposition in the beginning, he ended up leaving a huge impact. He is also called the “Poet of the East” and the “Poet of Islam”. His work is displayed in the following verse;

(Latin/Roma Alphabet):     

(Latin/Roma Alphabet):     

== Urdu vs Hindi--What's the difference? ==

== Urdu vs Hindi--What's the difference? ==

Urdu is a language spoken primarily in Pakistan. Its grammar and sentence structures are similar to [[Turkish]], [[Persian]], [[Arabic]].

Urdu is a language spoken primarily in Pakistan. Its terminology borrows from [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]].

[[Hindi]] is a language spoken primarily in India which is basically an easier version of [[Sanskrit]] Reason why Hindi and Urdu speakers are able to have a somewhat easy conversation with each other.

[[Hindi]] is a language spoken primarily in India which replaced Farsi, Chagatai and Arabic terminology with [[Sanskrit]]. Grammatically they are the same, which is why Hindi and Urdu speakers are able to have a somewhat easy conversation with each other.

Urdu has a majority of its vocabulary words and phrases borrowed from Persian, Turkish and Arabic, languages spoken in Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, many countries of the Middle East and in Afghanistan etc. Urdu's written script is also in the exact alphabets and scripts of Persian-Arabic and Turkish. That is why, they are able to read and write easily in Arabic and Persian. Urdu is the Persianized form of Turkish and Arabic. 

Urdu has a majority of its vocabulary words and phrases borrowed from Persian, Chagatai and Arabic, languages spoken in Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, many countries of the Middle East and in Afghanistan etc. Urdu's written script is also in the exact alphabets and scripts of Persian-Arabic and Chagatai. That is why, they are able to read and write easily in Arabic and Persian.  

Name of colors, objects, feelings, animals and more are all different in Urdu and Hindi

Name of colors, objects, feelings, animals and more are all different in Urdu and Hindi.{{fact|date=November 2021}}

 

== References ==

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{reflist}}

== Other sources ==

==Other websites==

 

==Other webites==

*[https://ia601503.us.archive.org/20/items/7977-urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk/7977_urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk.pdf ترتیب وڈیزائننگ ایم پی خاؿ اردولشکری زبان] (sample texts)

*[https://ia601503.us.archive.org/20/items/7977-urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk/7977_urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk.pdf ترتیب وڈیزائننگ ایم پی خاؿ اردولشکری زبان] (sample texts)