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Line 53: − {{InterWiki|code=ur}} − − '''[[Urdu]]''', also known as '''Lashkari'''<ref name="Ahmad2009">{{cite book|author=Aijazuddin Ahmad|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA120|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|pages=120–|quote=The very word Urdu came into being as the original '''''Lashkari''''' dialect, in other words, the language of the army.}}</ref> or the '''Lashkari language''' (لشکری زبان)<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Kanwal Khalid, PhD Associate Professor, College of Art and Design [[University of the Punjab]], [[Lahore]]}}</ref> is the [[national language]] of [[Pakistan]] and a recognized [[regional language]] in India. It is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], meaning it descends from Proto-Indo-Aryan, a language spoken northeast of the [[Caspian Sea]] in the third millennia [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref>Trautmann, Thomas, and Yoda Press. "Indo-European topics."</ref> − It is spoken as a [[lingua franca]] by the majority of people in [[Pakistan]]. And it is also spoken in some parts of [[India]] like the states of [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. With exceptions of numerous [[vocabulary]] [[word]]s, [[phrase]]s or [[tone]] of speaking, some words are similar to spoken Hindi. When written, it is written completely different from [[Hindi]]. That is why speakers of Hindi and Urdu can have a [[conversation]] with one another, but they cannot read or write with Urdu or Hindi [[letter]]s to one another.+ + + − + − What is today most commonly known as "Urdu" is believed to have been born in the 11th century AD in Lahore and its surroundings when the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] entered the subcontinent and ruled over [[Punjab]], the land of five rivers.<ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>+ + − + − + − + Line 80:
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Line 97: + − == Relations to Persian ==+ − === Differences === − + − === Similarities === − − === Informal ===+ + − + − − If a word is of [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin, the level of speech is thought to be more formal. If [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] grammar [[wikt:constructs|constructs]], such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also thought more formal and correct. If a word is inherited from [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], the level of speech is thought more colloquial and personal.<ref name="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">{{cite web|url = http://www.unc.edu/| title = About Urdu| publisher = Afroz Taj (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|accessdate = 2008-02-26}}</ref> − − === Formal === − Urdu is supposed to be a well formed language; many of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This [[wikt:emphasis|emphasis]] on politeness, which comes from the vocabulary, is known as '''Aadab ( Courteous )''' and to sometimes as '''takalluf (Formal)''' in Urdu. These words are mostly used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not met yet. Just like ''French '''Vous''' and '''Tu'''. Upon studying French and other forms of Language similar formal language construct are present. The whole grammatical layout appears to be almost identical to French language structure. The rules to form sentences and structuring them are identical''{{fact|date=November 2021}} + + + − + − + − === Mirza Ghalib === Line 138:
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Line 150: − − [[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy.png|thumb|300px|''Lashkari Zabān'' ("Battalionese language") title in Nashk script]]+ − − + − − Main mu'azzarat chahta/chahti hun = Please excuse me/I apologize + − + − − + + + + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − Name of colors, objects, feelings, animals and more are all different in Urdu and Hindi.{{fact|date=November 2021}}+ − ==Related pages==+ − *[[Languages of South Asia]] − *[[Languages of Pakistan]] − *[[Languages of India]] + + − + − + − + + − [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] − [[Category:Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
KS update 1.3
| states = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]
| states = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[South Asia]]
| region = [[South Asia]]
| speakers = 68.62 million<ref>{{e24|urd|Urdu}}</ref>
| speakers = 68.62 million
| date = 2021
| date = 2021
| speakers2 = Total: 230 million (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
| speakers2 = Total: 230 million (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=3 October 2018|access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| image = Urdu example.svg
| image = Urdu example.svg
| imagesize = 120px
| imagesize = 120px
| imagecaption = ''Urdu'' in [[Nastaʿlīq]] script
| imagecaption = ''Urdu'' in [[Nastaliq]] script
| map = Urdu_official-language_areas.png
| map = Urdu_official-language_areas.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ffc90e|Areas in India and Pakistan where Urdu is either official or co-official}}
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ffc90e|Areas in India and Pakistan where Urdu is either official or co-official}}
| agency = [[National Language Promotion Department]] (Pakistan)<br>[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] (India)
| agency = [[National Language Promotion Department]] (Pakistan)<br>[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] (India)
}}
}}
[[File:Zar Wali Khan's Voice.ogg|thumb|Spoken Urdu]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Scarlett speaking Urdu.webm|thumb|WIKITONGUES-Scarlett speaking Urdu]]
'''Urdu''', also known as '''Lashkari''',<ref name="Ahmad2009">{{cite book|author=Aijazuddin Ahmad|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: a critical approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA120|year=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|pages=120–|quote=The very word Urdu came into being as the original '''''Lashkari''''' dialect, in other words, the language of the army.}}</ref> or the '''Lashkari language''' (لشکری زبان)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Kanwal Khalid, PhD Associate Professor, College of Art and Design [[University of the Punjab]], [[Lahore]]}}</ref> is the [[national language]] of [[Pakistan]] and a recognized [[regional language]] in India. It is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], meaning it descends from Proto-Indo-Aryan, a language spoken northeast of the [[Caspian Sea]] in the third millennia [[BC]].<ref>Trautmann, Thomas, and Yoda Press. "Indo-European topics."</ref>
==History==
It is spoken as a [[lingua franca]] by most people in [[Pakistan]]. It is also spoken in some parts of [[India]] like the states of [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. With some exceptions words are similar to spoken Hindi. When written, it is written completely different from [[Hindi]]. That is why speakers of Hindi and Urdu can have a [[conversation]] with one another, but may not be able to read or write one of these two scripts.
== History ==
The [[Ghaznavid Empire]] entered the subcontinent in the 11th century AD and ruled over [[Punjab]], the land of five rivers.<ref name="Dogra, Ramesh Chander 1973">Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>
Punjab was also known as "Hind" or the land east of the Indus.<ref>Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu. "East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab." (2007).</ref>
Punjab was also known as "Hind" or the land east of the Indus.<ref>Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu. "East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab." (2007).</ref>
The Ghaznavids, although racially [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], spoke [[Persian language|Persian]] as their main language. When conquering [[Punjab]] or Hind with [[Lahore]] as its capital, they came into contact with the local population who spoke an Indo-Aryan language which began to adopt Persian words into their language. This local language was also the ancestor of modern standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{citebook|title=Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage|author=Nazir Ahmed Chaudhry|page=18|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, [[University of Michigan]] (origin)|ISBN=9693509447}}</ref>
The Ghaznavids, although racially [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], spoke [[Persian language|Persian]] as their main language. When conquering [[Punjab]] or ''Hind'' with [[Lahore]] as its capital, they came into contact with the local population who spoke an Indo-Aryan language which began to adopt Persian words into their language. This local language was also the ancestor of modern standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage|author=Nazir Ahmed Chaudhry|year=1998|page=18|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, [[University of Michigan]] (origin)|isbn=9693509447}}</ref>
The contacts between Persian and the native language of Punjab began to form a new language and that became known as 'Lashkari Zaban' or language of the battalions.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Khanwal, Kahlid Associate Professor, College of Art & Design, Punjab University}}</ref><ref>Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>
The contacts between Persian and the native language of Punjab began to form a new language and that became known as 'Lashkari Zaban' or language of the battalions.<ref name="Dogra, Ramesh Chander 1973"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf|title=Lahore During the Ghaznavid Period|work=Khanwal, Kahlid Associate Professor, College of Art & Design, Punjab University}}</ref>
This new language also known as Hindavi became the common language of the locals and the ruling Ghaznavids in the region. By the twelfth century AD, the Ghaznavids pushed further east into the subcontinent and brought this language to [[Delhi]] where it became influenced by the local language, Khariboli.
This new language also known as Hindavi became the common language of the locals and the ruling Ghaznavids in the region. By the twelfth century AD, the Ghaznavids pushed further east into the subcontinent and brought this language to [[Delhi]] where it became influenced by the local language, Khariboli.<ref>Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 62.2 (1930): 391-400.</ref>
From Delhi it spread across much of the northern subcontinent and became the common language of communication. It continued to be influenced by Khariboli and spread to cities like [[Lucknow]] and [[Hyderabad]] Daccan. It was also given new names and titles through the centuries.<ref>Shaheen, Shagufta, and Sajjad Shahid. "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī." Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad (2017): 7.</ref>
From Delhi it spread across much of the northern subcontinent and became the common language of communication. It continued to be influenced by Khariboli and spread to cities like [[Lucknow]] and [[Hyderabad]] Daccan. It was also given new names and titles through the centuries.<ref>Shaheen, Shagufta, and Sajjad Shahid. "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī." Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad (2017): 7.</ref>
During this time the language commonly became known as the ''Zaban-i-Ordu'' or language of the Royal Camp.
During this time the language commonly became known as the ''Zaban-i-Ordu'' or language of the Royal Camp.
By the very late eighteenth century AD, the poet Ghulam Mashafi is believed to have given it the name "Urdu" which was shortened from "Zaban-i-Urdu."<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>
By the very late eighteenth century AD, the poet Ghulam Mashafi is believed to have given it the name "Urdu" which was shortened from "Zaban-i-Urdu."<ref name="Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado 2011">Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>
The word is from Chagatai, the native language of the Mughals and belonged to the Eastern Turkic subfamily of languages. Chagatai was closely related to today's [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] and distantly related to today's [[Turkish language|Turkish]] because all of them belonged to the same Turkic family of languages.
The word is from Chagatai, the native language of the Mughals and belonged to the Eastern Turkic subfamily of languages. Chagatai was closely related to today's [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] and distantly related to today's [[Turkish language|Turkish]] because all of them belonged to the same Turkic family of languages.
In its own indigenous translation it was ''Lashkari Zaban'' and ''Lashkari'' for short.
In its own indigenous translation it was ''Lashkari Zaban'' and ''Lashkari'' for short.
Also during the Mughal Empire, what commonly became known as Urdu was a court language in a number of major South Asian cities, including Delhi, Amristsar, Lucknow and Lahore.<ref>
Also during the Mughal Empire, what commonly became known as Urdu was a court language in a number of major South Asian cities, including Delhi, Amristsar, Lucknow and Lahore.<ref name="Dogra, Ramesh Chander 1973"/>
Dogra, Ramesh Chander. "Cataloguing Urdu Names." International Library Review 5.3 (1973): 351-377.</ref>
By the time of the [[British Empire]], it also became known as "[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]" or the language of Hindustan, the land of the Indus. It continued to serve as a court language in the same cities.
By the time of the [[British Empire]], it also became known as "[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]" or the language of Hindustan, the land of the Indus. It continued to serve as a court language in the same cities.
Today it is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan in terms of total speakers and a registered language in 22 Indian states.
Today it is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan in terms of total speakers and a registered language in 22 Indian states.
== Relations to Persian ==
== Differences ==
The letters in Urdu are derived from the Persian/Farsi alphabet, which is derived from the Arabic alphabet. The additional letters that are found in Urdu include ٹ ,ڈ ,ڑ (ṫ, ḋ, ṙ). To make the alphabet more enriched two letters were created for sounds ه (h) and ی (y). By adding these letters to the existing Persian letters the Urdu alphabet became more suitable for the people of [[Pakistan]] and for some people of North India who primarily use nastaliq script. Both are also Indo-Iranic languages descending from Proto-Indo-Iranic, but deriving from separate subbranches, Iranic and Indo-Aryan respectively.{{fact|date=November 2021}}
The letters in Urdu are derived from the Persian/Farsi alphabet, which is derived from the Arabic alphabet. The additional letters that are found in Urdu include ٹ ,ڈ ,ڑ (ṫ, ḋ, ṙ). To make the alphabet more enriched two letters were created for sounds ه (h) and ی (y). By adding these letters to the existing Persian letters the Urdu alphabet became more suitable for the people of [[Pakistan]] and for some people of North India who primarily use nastaliq script. Both are also Indo-Iranic languages descending from Proto-Indo-Iranic, but deriving from separate subbranches, Iranic and Indo-Aryan respectively.{{fact|date=November 2021}}
== Similarities ==
Urdu is written right to left like Farsi (Persian) script. Urdu is also written in the Nasta’ liq style of Persian Calligraphy. Nastaliq style is a cursive script invented by Mīr ʿAlī of Tabrīz, a very famous calligrapher during the Timurid period (1402–1502). Both belong to the Indo-Iranic language subfamily.{{fact|date=November 2021}}
Urdu is written right to left like Farsi (Persian) script. Urdu is also written in the Nasta’ liq style of Persian Calligraphy. Nastaliq style is a cursive script invented by Mīr ʿAlī of Tabrīz, a very famous calligrapher during the Timurid period (1402–1502). Both belong to the Indo-Iranic language subfamily.{{fact|date=November 2021}}
== Levels of formality ==
== Levels of formality ==
[[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy.png|thumb|275px|''Lashkari Zabān'' ("Battalionese language") title in Nashk script]]
== Informal ==
Urdu in its less formalized register has been called a ''rekhta'' (ریختہ, ), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes called ''zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla'' (زبان اردو معلہ {{IPA|[zəbaːn eː ʊrd̪uː eː moəllaː]}}), the "Language of Camp."
Urdu in its less formalized register has been called a ''rekhta'' (ریختہ, ), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes called ''zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla'' (زبان اردو معلہ {{IPA|[zəbaːn eː ʊrd̪uː eː moəllaː]}}), the "Language of Camp."
In local translation, it is called ''Lashkari Zabān'' ({{Nastaliq|لشکری زبان}} [{{IPA|lʌʃkɜ:i: zɑ:bɑ:n}}])<ref>Khan, Sajjad, Waqas Anwar, Usama Bajwa, and Xuan Wang. "Template Based Affix Stemmer for a Morphologically Rich Language." International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT) 12, no. 2 (2015).</ref> meaning "language of [[battalion]]s" or "battalion language." This can be shortened to ''Lashkari''.
In local translation, it is called ''Lashkari Zabān'' ({{Nastaliq|لشکری زبان}} [{{IPA|lʌʃkɜ:i: zɑ:bɑ:n}}])<ref>Khan, Sajjad, Waqas Anwar, Usama Bajwa, and Xuan Wang. "Template Based Affix Stemmer for a Morphologically Rich Language." International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT) 12, no. 2 (2015).</ref> meaning "language of [[battalion]]s" or "battalion language." This can be shortened to ''Lashkari''.
The [[etymology]] of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part [[wikt:decides|decides]] how nice or well done your speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی ''pānī'' and آب ''āb'', both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی ''ādmi'' and مرد ''mard'', meaning "man." The first word is ad derivative from Adam (آدم) Arabic mean from Adam and it can be used for both man and woman in place of human being. Second word مرد ''mard'' refers to a gender or can be used for manly hood as well.
The [[etymology]] of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part [[decides|decides]] how nice or well done your speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی ''pānī'' and آب ''āb'', both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی ''ādmi'' and مرد ''mard'', meaning "man." The first word is ad derivative from Adam (آدم) Arabic mean from Adam and it can be used for both man and woman in place of human being. Second word مرد ''mard'' refers to a gender or can be used for manly hood as well.
If a word is of [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin, the level of speech is thought to be more formal. If [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] grammar [[constructs|constructs]], such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also thought more formal and correct. If a word is inherited from [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], the level of speech is thought more colloquial and personal.<ref name="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">{{cite web|url = http://www.unc.edu/| title = About Urdu| publisher = Afroz Taj (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)|accessdate = 2008-02-26}}</ref>
== Formal ==
Urdu is supposed to be a well formed language; many of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This [[emphasis|emphasis]] on politeness, which comes from the vocabulary, is known as '''Aadab ( Courteous )''' and to sometimes as '''takalluf (Formal)''' in Urdu. These words are mostly used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not met yet. Just like ''French '''Vous''' and '''Tu'''. Upon studying French and other forms of Language similar formal language construct are present. The whole grammatical layout appears to be almost identical to French language structure. The rules to form sentences and structuring them are identical''{{fact|date=November 2021}}
== Poetics ==
== Poetics ==
[[File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png|thumb|250px|Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "''Urdu''" for the language around 1780 AD. Before that this language went by different names.<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>]]
[[File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png|thumb|250px|Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "''Urdu''" for the language around 1780 AD. Before that this language went by different names.<ref name="Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado 2011"/>]]
Two very respected poets who are not only celebrated in the South Asian subcontinent but are famous in many other communities worldwide are Mirza Ghalib and Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal.
Two very respected poets who are not only celebrated in the South Asian subcontinent but are famous in many other communities worldwide are Mirza Ghalib and Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal.
== Mirza Ghalib ==
{{further|Mirza Ghalib}}
{{further|Mirza Ghalib}}
Ghalib (1797-1869) is famous for his classic satire and sarcasm as seen in the following verse;
Ghalib (1797-1869) is famous for his classic satire and sarcasm as seen in the following verse;
''I was busy cleaning the mirror while the dirt was on my face.''
''I was busy cleaning the mirror while the dirt was on my face.''
== Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal ==
{{further|Muhammed Iqbal}}
{{further|Muhammed Iqbal}}
Iqbal (1877-1938) was a poet, and an active politician. He focused his poetry on bringing out the plight of the suffering Muslim community of [[British India]]. In his poetry he very boldly highlighted the missing virtues and values in the morally corrupt Indian society. Despite much opposition in the beginning, he ended up leaving a huge impact. He is also called the “Poet of the East” and the “Poet of Islam”. His work is displayed in the following verse;
Iqbal (1877-1938) was a poet, and an active politician. He focused his poetry on bringing out the plight of the suffering Muslim community of [[British India]]. In his poetry he very boldly highlighted the missing virtues and values in the morally corrupt Indian society. Despite much opposition in the beginning, he ended up leaving a huge impact. He is also called the “Poet of the East” and the “Poet of Islam”. His work is displayed in the following verse;
''Aapne bhe khafa mujh sei beganey bhe na khush''
''Aapne bhe khafa mujh sei beganey bhe na khush''
''Mein zeher -e-halahal ku kabhi keh na saka qand''
''Mein zeher-e-halahal ku kabhi keh na saka qand''
(translation):
(translation):
Iqbal is considered by many an inspirational poet. He played a large role in the [[Pakistan Movement]], with many claiming that he was the one to imagine and initiate it.
Iqbal is considered by many an inspirational poet. He played a large role in the [[Pakistan Movement]], with many claiming that he was the one to imagine and initiate it.
== Common Words/Phrases in Urdu ==
== Common Words/Phrases in Urdu ==
Formal Urdu:
Formal Urdu:
Aap tashreef rakhein = Please have a seat
Aap tashreef rakhein = Please have a seat
Main mu'azzarat chahta/chahti hun = Please excuse me/I apologize
Informal Urdu: Aap bethein (You sit) or Tum betho (Sit, more informal)
Informal Urdu: Aap bethein (You sit) or Tum betho (Sit, more informal)
Main maafi chahta/chahti hun= I ask for forgiveness
Main maafi chahta/chahti hun= I ask for forgiveness
<nowiki>*************</nowiki>
<nowiki>*************</nowiki>
Aap kaisay hein? = How are you?
Aap kaisay hein? = How are you?
Main theek hun = I am fine
Main theek hun = I am fine
Assalam O Alaikum = Peace be upon you (It basically means hello, and it is a common greeting used in Islamic countries or among Muslims in general)
Assalam O Alaikum = Peace be upon you (It basically means hello, and it is a common greeting used in Islamic countries or among Muslims in general)
== Urdu vs Hindi--What's the difference? ==
Although often misunderstood as two separate languages, Urdu and Hindi are two registers of the same Hindustani language, often called Hindi-Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-22|title=Yes, Hindi and Urdu are the same language|url=http://www.oxirsoc.com/blog-articles/2017/2/22/yes-hindi-and-urdu-are-the-same-language|access-date=2023-06-30|website=Oxford IRSoc|language=en-GB}}</ref> Urdu is the official language of Pakistan and spoken by 71 million people in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urdu - Worldwide distribution|url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/urdu.php|access-date=2023-06-30|website=Worlddata.info|language=en}}</ref> Urdu's vocabulary borrows primarily from [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].
[[Hindi]], also historically known as '''''Hindui''''' ('''हिंदुई'''),<ref>Dwyer, Rachel. "Hindi/Hindustani". Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies, edited by Gita Dharampal-Frick, Monika Kirloskar-Steinbach and Jahnavi Phalkey, New York, USA: New York University Press, 2016, pp. 102-103. https://doi.org/10.18574/9781479826834-041</ref> is the most spoken language of India which replaces much of Urdu's Farsi, Chagatai and Arabic terminology with [[Sanskrit]] derived vocabulary. They are grammatically the same. Everyday words are often shared between the two registers, while formal vocabulary can differ significantly. Urdu and Hindi speakers are able to understand each other with little to no difficulty, largely from using shared, or English vocabulary, rather than using highly Arabized or Sanskritized vocabulary. Hindi speakers are more likely to use words of Arabic/Persian origin (Kitaab, Dil, Mahobbat), than Urdu speakers are to use words of Sanskrit origin (Pustak, Man, Prem), as Urdu-speaking Pakistani's have less exposure to Hindi, than Hindi-speaking Indians do to Urdu. This can be seen in Bollywoods extensive use of the Urdu register,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-27|title=Is Urdu losing its charm in Bollywood films?|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/in-perspective/is-urdu-losing-its-charm-in-bollywood-films-955816.html|access-date=2023-06-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and India being a nation where both registers are natively spoken.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hashmi|first=Rasia|date=2019-09-02|title=Urdu is the 2nd most spoken language in 5 states|url=https://www.siasat.com/urdu-2nd-most-spoken-language-5-states-1604362/|access-date=2023-06-30|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Urdu vs Hindi--What's the difference? ==
<u>Example</u>
Urdu is a language spoken primarily in Pakistan. Its terminology borrows from [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]].
[[Hindi]] is a language spoken primarily in India which replaced Farsi, Chagatai and Arabic terminology with [[Sanskrit]]. Grammatically they are the same, which is why Hindi and Urdu speakers are able to have a somewhat easy conversation with each other.
English: I want to know how your mind is feeling.
Literary Urdu: Mujhe aap ke dimaagh ki jazbaat maatloob hai.
Literary Hindi: Mujhe aap ke mastishk ka bhaav vaanchit hai.
Casual Hindustani: Main tere man* ka haal* jaanna chaata hun.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>man is of Sanskrit origin, while haal is of Arabic origin<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meaning of man in English|url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-man|access-date=2023-06-30|website=Rekhta Dictionary|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meaning of haal in English|url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-haal|access-date=2023-06-30|website=Rekhta Dictionary|language=en}}</ref>
== Urdu Media ==
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
File:Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg|Opening pages of the Urdu divan of Ghalib, 1821
File:Geographical distribution of Urdu in India and Pakistan.png|Geographical distribution of Urdu in India and Pakistan.
File:Urdu-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|The proportion of people with Urdu as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]
File:UAE_signboard.jpg|A trilingual [[signboard]] in [[Arabic]], English and Urdu in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. The Urdu sentence is not a direct translation of the English ("Your beautiful city invites you to preserve it.") It says, "apné shahar kī Khūbsūrtīi ko barqarār rakhié, or "Please preserve the beauty of your city."
File:New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg|A multilingual [[New Delhi]] railway station board. The Urdu and Hindi texts both read as: ''naī dillī''.
Urdu has a majority of its vocabulary words and phrases borrowed from Persian, Chagatai and Arabic, languages spoken in Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, many countries of the Middle East and in Afghanistan etc. Urdu's written script is also in the exact alphabets and scripts of Persian-Arabic and Chagatai. That is why, they are able to read and write easily in Arabic and Persian.
File:Trilingual road sign in India.png|Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation "karyalay" and "arakshan kendra"
File:Zaban_urdu_mualla.png|The phrase ''zubān-e-Urdū-e-muʿallā'' ("the language of the exalted camp") written in [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]]
File:Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg|The Urdu [[Nastaʿliq]] alphabet, with names in the Devanagari and Roman scripts
File:Double-Headed Eagle Stupa at Sirkap 06.jpg|An English-Urdu bilingual sign at the archaeological site of [[Sirkap]], near [[Taxila]]. The Urdu says: (right to left) {{unq|دو سروں والے عقاب کی شبيہ والا مندر}}, dō sarōñ wālé u'qāb kī shabīh wāla mandir. "The temple with the image of the eagle with two heads."
</gallery>
== References ==
== References ==
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== Further reading ==
==Other websites==
*[https://ia803203.us.archive.org/20/items/7977-urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk/7977_urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk.pdf ترتیب وڈیزائننگ ایم پی خاؿ اردولشکری زبان] (sample texts)
*[https://ia601503.us.archive.org/20/items/7977-urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk/7977_urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk.pdf ترتیب وڈیزائننگ ایم پی خاؿ اردولشکری زبان] (sample texts)
== Other websites ==
{{InterWiki|code=ur}}
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[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Urdu language| ]]
[[Category:Urdu language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]