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Line 1: − + − + − + − '''C''' is the third ([[three|3rd]]) [[letter]] in the [[English language|English]] [[alphabet]] and [[ISO basic latin alphabet]].+ − == Meanings for C ==+ − * In [[temperature]], ''°C'' means "degrees [[Celsius]]".+ − * In [[music]], ''C'' is a [[Note (music)|note]] sometimes referred to as “Do”.+ − * In [[chemistry]], ''C'' is the atom of [[carbon]], as in '''C'''<sub>40</sub>[[H]]<sub>56</sub>.+ − * In [[physics]], ''c'' is the [[speed of light]], as in E=mc².+ − * In [[Roman numeral]]s, ''C'' means "one [[hundred]]" (100).+ − * There is a [[programming language]] called ''C'', see [[C programming language]].+ − * In [[electronics]], C is a type of [[battery]].+ − *C can also mean the [[copyright]] symbol+ − + − *The letter "C" is pronounced as /k/.We can also say the letter "C" as /s/.+ − *The letter "C"'s name in English is "ce" (said as /ˈsiː/).+ + + + + + + + + − {{wikt}}+ − {{Latin script}} − {{commonscat}} + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
KS update 1.3
:''If you typed '''C#''' and arrived at this page, then see [[C-sharp]].''
{{Infobox programming language
{{A-Z}}
| name = C++
[[File:C cursiva.gif|thumb]]
| logo = File:ISO C++ Logo.svg
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]:<ref name="stroustruptcpppl" /> [[procedural programming|procedural]], [[functional programming|functional]], [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[generic programming|generic]]
| year = 1983
| designer = [[Bjarne Stroustrup]]
| developer = Bjarne Stroustrup<br>[[Bell Labs]]<br>{{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21}}
| latest_release_version = ISO/IEC 14882:2020
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2020|12|15|df=yes}}
| latest_test_version =
| latest_test_date =
| typing = [[Static type|Static]], [[Type system#Safely and unsafely typed systems|unsafe]], [[Nominative type system|nominative]]
| implementations = {{nowraplinks}}[[C++ Builder]], [[clang]], [[Comeau C/C++]], [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Intel C++ Compiler]], [[Microsoft Visual C++]], [[Sun Studio (software)|Sun Studio]]{{nowraplinks end}}
== Pronunciation ==
| dialects = {{nowraplinks}}[[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 1998, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2003, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2011, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2014, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2017, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2020{{nowraplinks end}}
| influenced_by = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Simula]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 83]], [[ALGOL 68]], [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]], [[ML (programming language)|ML]]<ref name="stroustruptcpppl">{{Cite book | last=Stroustrup | first=Bjarne | title=The C++ Programming Language | year=1997 | edition=Third | <!-- chapter=1 | --> isbn=0201889544 | oclc=59193992 }}</ref>
| influenced = [[Perl]]<!--1987-->, [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]]<!--1989-->, [[Lua]]<!--1993-->, [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]]<!-- 1994 -->, [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 95]]<!--1995-->, [[Java (programming language)|Java]]<!--1995-->, [[PHP]]<!--1995-->, [[D (programming language)|D]]<!--1999-->, [[C99]]<!--1999-->, [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]<!--2001-->, [[Falcon (programming language)|Falcon]]<!--2003-->
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform|Cross-platform (multi-platform)]]
| license =
| website =
| file_ext = .h .hh .hpp .hxx {{nowrap|.h++}} .cc .cpp .cxx {{nowrap|.c++}}
| wikibooks = C++ Programming
|logo caption=C++ logo used by ISO}}
[[File:BjarneStroustrup.jpg|right|thumb|Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++]]
'''C++''' (pronounced "see plus plus") is a [[computer]] [[programming language]] based on [[C programming language|C]]. It was created for writing programs for many different purposes. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world. Like C, C++ uses manual memory management (unlike most mainstream languages, where memory management is automatic), while the syntax usually used for it is different.
The C++ programming language was developed by [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] at [[Bell Labs]] in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as an improvement on the [[C (programming language)|C]] programming language, adding features based on [[object-oriented programming]]. Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like [[exception handling]], [[templates (programming)|templates]], "move semantics" and [[namespace]]s (not full module support, while that was added later) and new [[operator overloading]] capabilities were added in versions C++11 and C++20.
C++ runs on a most platforms (all mainstream ones), such as [[Windows]], [[macOS]], and the various versions of UNIX, for example [[Linux]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200713161758/https://www.programstudio.online/2020/05/introduction-to-c.html Introduction to C++ language] is a practical approach to describe the concepts of C++ for beginners to advanced software engineers.
{{stub}}
C++ is a general-purpose programing language which means that it can be used to create different variety of applications. [https://codinggrammar.com/what-is-cpp-used-for/ C++ is used for] variety of application domains.
C++20 is the latest version of the standard, which finally added for example module support in December 2020 (while many languages supported modules a decade, if not two or more, earlier). The major compilers have almost complete support for C++20, while almost all default to the older C++17 standard, so a compiler switch is needed to enable the C++20 support the compilers have.
New C++ standards are on a three-year schedule, so the next one, C++23, is expected in 2023, and some compilers already have some (partial) support for that experimental standard. The many earlier C++ standards have each added stuff to the language, almost never taken stuff out, so mostly keeping compatibility with older standards.
== Example ==
The following text is C++ source code and it will write the words "[[Hello world program|Hello World!]]" on the screen when it has been [[compiled language|compiled]] and is executed. This program is typically the first program a programmer would write while learning about programming languages.
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
// This is a comment. It's for *people* to read, not computers. It's usually used to describe the program.
// Make the I/O standard library available for use in the program.
#include <iostream>
// We are now defining the main function; it is the function run when the program starts.
int main()
{
// Printing a message to the screen using the standard output stream std::cout.
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
This program is similar to the last, except it will add 3 + 2 and print the answer instead of "Hello World!".
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Print a simple calculation.
std::cout << 3 + 2;
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
This program subtracts, multiplies, divides and then prints the answer on the screen.
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Create and initialize three variables, a, b, and c, to 5, 10, and 20.
int a = 5;
int b = 10;
int c = 20;
// Print calculations.
std::cout << a-b-c;
std::cout << a*b*c;
std::cout << a/b/c;
return 0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
== Manual memory management ==
C++ introduced two keywords <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code> for manual memory management (while also keeping compatibility with the old way C uses), and the constructor and destructor concepts. In modern C++ code, using <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code> (and destructors) is no longer preferred in high-level code, rather containers such as <code>std:vector</code> (which at a low level are implemented with <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code>).
== C++ Media ==
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
File:20160121 CppFRUG Joel Falcou CppQuiz 3.jpg|A quiz on C++11 features being given in Paris in 2015
File:C++ Standards Committee meeting - July 1996 Stockholm - Wednesday general session.jpg|Scene during the C++ standards committee meeting in Stockholm in 1996
File:ANSI ISO C++ WP.jpg|The draft "Working Paper" standard that became approved as C++98; half of its size was devoted to the C++ Standard Library.
</gallery>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Tech-stub}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]