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== End of the war ==

== End of the war ==

The War lasted for seven years and 11 months (from September 2, 1980, to August 20, 1988), and successively experienced four strategic stages: Iraq's attack, Iran's counter-attack, Iran-Iraq stalemate, and Iraq's counter-attack.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=杨|first=明星|year=2005|title=试论两伊战争及其遗产|url=http://www.mesi.shisu.edu.cn/_upload/article/be/73/969596f7455489649c7c9698b639/c98a595c-ed2b-4353-b358-21f9b06503fe.pdf|journal=阿拉伯世界|volume=97|pages=49–52}}</ref> The two sides were inflexible and demanding too high a price for a [[ceasefire]]. And Iran planned to use up the entire country's resources to participate in there, their insistence on playing the long encouraged by its vast population and [[religious fanaticism]].

The War lasted for seven years and 11 months (from September 2, 1980, to August 20, 1988), and experienced four strategic stages: Iraq's attack, Iran's counter-attack, Iran-Iraq stalemate, and Iraq's counter-attack.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=杨|first=明星|year=2005|title=试论两伊战争及其遗产|url=http://www.mesi.shisu.edu.cn/_upload/article/be/73/969596f7455489649c7c9698b639/c98a595c-ed2b-4353-b358-21f9b06503fe.pdf|journal=阿拉伯世界|volume=97|pages=49–52}}</ref> The two sides were inflexible.  Each demanded too high a price for a [[ceasefire]]. Iran's insistence on playing the long game was encouraged by its vast population and [[religious fanaticism]].

The Iran–Iraq War was one of the longest wars of the 20th century. It was a veritable [[war of attrition]], a [[Pyrrhic War|pyrrhic war]] with no victor. Before the war, Iraq had foreign exchange reserves of us $37 billion. At the end of the war, its foreign debt was over US$70 billion, of which over US$40 billion was arms debt owed to western countries and the Soviet Union, and the ver US$30 billion was loans owed to other Arab countries.

The Iran–Iraq War was one of the longest wars of the 20th century. It was a veritable [[war of attrition]], and a [[Pyrrhic War|pyrrhic war]] with no victor. Before the war, Iraq had foreign exchange reserves of us $37 billion. At the end of the war, its foreign debt was over US$70 billion, of which over US$40 billion was arms debt owed to western countries and the Soviet Union, and US$30 billion was loans owed to other Arab countries.

Iraq suffered 180,000 deaths, 250,000 injuries, and $350 billion in direct losses (including military expenditures, war damage, and economic losses). Iran also owes $45 billion in foreign debt, has 350,000 deaths and more than 700,000 injuries, and 200,000 women in Tehran alone have lost their husbands; Direct losses of $300 billion. The war has set back the economic development plans of both countries by at least 20 to 30 years. The battle took a heavy toll on both countries, halting economic growth, plummeting oil exports, and killing millions. As a result, Iraq has also been saddled with a large debt, amounting to $14 billion for Kuwait alone. That was one of the reasons Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite web|title=新华网_让新闻离你更近|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/|access-date=2022-05-11|agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref>

Iraq suffered 180,000 deaths, 250,000 injuries, and $350 billion in direct losses (including military expenditures, war damage, and economic losses). Iran also owes $45 billion in foreign debt, has 350,000 deaths and more than 700,000 injuries, and 200,000 women in Tehran alone have lost their husbands; Direct losses of $300 billion. The war has set back the economic development plans of both countries by at least 20 to 30 years. The battle took a heavy toll on both countries, halting economic growth, plummeting oil exports, and killing millions. As a result, Iraq has also been saddled with a large debt, amounting to $14 billion for Kuwait alone. That was one of the reasons Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite web|title=新华网_让新闻离你更近|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/|access-date=2022-05-11|agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref>

File:1975 Algiers Agreement.jpg|A meeting of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Houari Boumédiène]], and [[Saddam Hussein]] (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975

File:1975 Algiers Agreement.jpg|A meeting of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Houari Boumédiène]], and [[Saddam Hussein]] (left to right) during the Algiers Agreement in 1975

File:Portrait of Ruhollah Khomeini.jpg|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] rose to power after the [[Iranian Revolution]].

File:Portrait of Ruhollah Khomeini.jpg|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] rose to power after the [[Iranian revolution]].

File:Abulhassan Banisadr iran iraq war.jpg|Iranian President [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], who was also commander-in-chief, inspecting a Jeep-mounted [[M40 recoilless rifle|106mm recoilless anti-tank gun]]

File:Abulhassan Banisadr iran iraq war.jpg|Iranian President [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], who was also commander-in-chief, inspecting a Jeep-mounted [[M40 recoilless rifle|106mm recoilless anti-tank gun]]

File:Locator map Iran Khuzestan Province.png|The location of [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan Province]] in Iran, which Iraq planned to annex

File:Locator map Iran Khuzestan Province.png|The location of [[Khuzestan province]] in Iran, which Iraq planned to annex

File:Shatt al arab.png|The [[Shatt al-Arab]] on the [[Iran–Iraq border]]

File:Shatt al arab.png|The [[Shatt al-Arab]] on the [[Iran–Iraq border]]