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[[Image:6dayswar1.jpg|thumb|Arab plane that has been destroyed by the Israel Army]]

The '''Six-Day War''' took place from 5 June to 10 June 1967 between [[Israel]] and a coalition of [[Arab people|Arab]] states, led by [[Egypt]]. Israel won the war, which has had huge effects on the future of the [[Middle East]]. Israel has occupied Arab areas, such as the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], ever since. That has helped cause many wars between it and the neighboring countries and has led to the exile of many [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]].

| commander1        = {{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Levi Eshkol]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Moshe Dayan]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Yitzhak Rabin]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[David Elazar]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Uzi Narkiss]]<br>{{nowrap|{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Yeshayahu Gavish]]}}<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israel Tal]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Mordechai Hod]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Shlomo Erell]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Aharon Yariv]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Ezer Weizman]]<br>{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Rehavam Ze'evi]]

| strength1        = '''Israel:'''<br>264,000 total{{Sfnp|Stone|2004|p=217}}<br/>250{{Sfnp|Oren|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren/page/171 171]}}–300 combat aircraft{{Sfnp|Tucker|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xhGFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA540 540–541]}}<br>800 tanks{{Sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=176}}

| strength2        = '''Egypt:'''<br>160,000 total{{Sfnp|Pollack|2004|p=59}}<br>100,000 deployed{{Sfnp|Pollack|2004|p=59}}<br>420 aircraft{{Sfnp|Oren|2002|p=176}}{{Sfnp|Morris|2001|p=318}}<br>900–950 tanks{{Sfnp|Pollack|2004|p=59}}<br>'''Syria:'''<br>75,000 troops{{Sfnp|Ehteshami|Hinnebusch|1997|p=76}}<br>'''Jordan:'''<br>55,000 total{{Sfnp|Mutawi|2002|p=42}}<br>45,000 deployed{{Sfnp|Segev|1967|pp=82, 175–191}}<br>270 tanks{{Sfnp|Segev|1967|pp=82, 175–191}}<br>'''Iraq:'''<br>100 tanks{{Sfnp|Segev|1967|pp=82, 175–191}}<br>'''Lebanon:'''<br>2 combat aircraft{{Sfnp|Oren|2002|p=237}}<br>'''Total:'''<br>465,000 total<ref name=chaim>{{Cite book |last=Herzog |first=Chaim |title=The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence through Lebanon |date=1 January 1984 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0394717463 |edition=Revised |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref><br>800 aircraft<ref name=chaim/><br>2,504 tanks{{Sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=176}}

---->700 tanks destroyed<br>>374 aircraft lost

| casualties3      = 15 [[United Nations Emergency Force|UN peacekeepers]] killed (14 Indian, 1 Brazilian)<ref name="Question of Palestine">{{Cite web |title=UNEF I withdrawal (16 May - 17 June 1967) - SecGen report, addenda, corrigendum |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182090/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Question of Palestine |language=en-US |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711153538/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182090/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>20 Israeli civilians killed and 1,000+ Israeli civilians injured in [[Jerusalem]]<ref>{{harvp|Oren|2002|p=187|ps=: Over a thousand civilians were wounded, 150 seriously, 20 of them died.}}</ref><br>34 [[United States Navy|US Navy]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]], and [[National Security Agency|NSA]] personnel killed<ref>Gerhard, William D.; Millington, Henry W. (1981). "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the USS Liberty" (PDF). NSA History Report, U.S. Cryptologic History series. National Security Agency. partially declassified 1999, 2003.</ref><ref>Both USA and Israel officially attributed the [[USS Liberty incident|USS ''Liberty'' incident]] as being due to mistaken identification.</ref><br>17 Soviet Marines killed (disputed)<ref name=ginor>Ginor, Isabella and Remez, Gideon: ''The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967–1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict'', p.&nbsp;23</ref><br>413,000 Palestinians displaced<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[Jeremy Bowen]] |title=Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East |date=2003 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]], 2012 |isbn=978-1-4711-1475-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucO1AwAAQBAJ |quote=UNRWA put the figure at 413,000}}</ref>

The '''Six-Day War''' took place from 5 June to 10 June 1967 between [[Israel]] and a coalition of [[Arab people|Arab]] states, led by [[Egypt]]. Israel won the war, which has had huge effects on the future of the [[Middle East]]. Israel has occupied Arab-majority areas, such as the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], before withdrawing from the Gaza Strip in September 2005; Hamas subsequently took over the Gaza Strip in 2007. That in turn has caused many wars between both the terrorist group and Israel, as Hamas seeks to destroy Israel.

== Background ==

== Background ==

The Egyptians had 50 [[Runway|runways]] and about 960 [[attack aircraft]], and the Israelis had 300 attack aircraft. Before the war, Israeli pilots and ground soldiers had trained to make possible for one aircraft to go into mission even four times a day; the Arab air forces could complete only one or two missions a day.  That let the Israeli Air Force start many attacks against Egypt on the first day of the war, destroy the Egyptian Air Force when it was still on the ground, and defeat the other Arab countries' air forces on the same day. The Arabs were so surprised that they wrongly believed that Israel had been helped by other countries, especially the United States.

The Egyptians had 50 [[Runway|runways]] and about 960 [[attack aircraft]], and the Israelis had 300 attack aircraft. Before the war, Israeli pilots and ground soldiers had trained to make possible for one aircraft to go into mission even four times a day; the Arab air forces could complete only one or two missions a day.  That let the Israeli Air Force start many attacks against Egypt on the first day of the war, destroy the Egyptian Air Force when it was still on the ground, and defeat the other Arab countries' air forces on the same day. The Arabs were so surprised that they wrongly believed that Israel had been helped by other countries, especially the United States.

After the first air attack, the ground war started in the Sinai Desert. Israeli troops moved forward quickly, but Egyptian intelligence initially told the troops stationed in the Sinai to let them pass since they believed it to be just a diversion of the actual main attack that was believed had not yet happend.  That made it easy for the Israeli troops to reach the city of al-Arish well ahead of schedule, at 10 p.m.<ref name=":1" />

After the first air attack, the ground war started in the Sinai Desert. Israeli troops moved forward quickly, but Egyptian intelligence initially told the troops stationed in the Sinai to let them pass since they believed it to be just a diversion of the actual main attack that was believed had not yet happend.  That made it easy for the Israeli troops to reach the city of al-Arish well ahead of schedule, at 10 p.m.<ref name=":1" />

Even though Egypt had lost almost all of its air force within one day of the war, but Defence Minister Abdel Hakim Amer pushed the storyline to the Egyptian government in [[Cairo]], the country's population, and its [[Arab League]] allies that the Egyptian Army, after it had overcome the initial effect of surprise. destroyed much of the Israeli Air Force. That led to [[Jordan]] acting upon the joined defence treaty that it had signed with Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wall|first=Michael|date=2019-05-31|title=Hussein and Nasser sign defence agreement - archive, 1967|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/31/hussein-and-nasser-sign-defence-agreement-archive-1967|access-date=2023-05-13|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At 10 a.m. Jordan started firing at Israeli facilities, both military and civilian. Jordan’s participation led to [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] also participating in the war by attacking Israel from the east. Israel pushed back by attacking Jordan’s air bases and bunkers around [[Jerusalem]]; continuing its attack on Egypt, now from multiple directions; and quickly gaining more territory.<ref name=":1" />

Even though Egypt had lost almost all of its air force within one day of the war, but Defence Minister Abdel Hakim Amer pushed the storyline to the Egyptian government in [[Cairo]], the country's population, and its [[Arab League]] allies that the [[Egyptian Army]], after it had overcome the initial effect of surprise. destroyed much of the Israeli Air Force. That led to [[Jordan]] acting upon the joined defence treaty that it had signed with Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wall|first=Michael|date=2019-05-31|title=Hussein and Nasser sign defence agreement - archive, 1967|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/31/hussein-and-nasser-sign-defence-agreement-archive-1967|access-date=2023-05-13|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At 10 a.m. Jordan started firing at Israeli facilities, both military and civilian. Jordan’s participation led to [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] also participating in the war by attacking Israel from the east. Israel pushed back by attacking Jordan’s air bases and bunkers around [[Jerusalem]]; continuing its attack on Egypt, now from multiple directions; and quickly gaining more territory.<ref name=":1" />

== Day 2: 6 June 1967 ==

== Day 2: 6 June 1967 ==

On the second day of the war, the Israeli troops captured al-Arish, the largest city of the Sinai Peninsula. The location is important since it is only 45 km from the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] border. Israel hoped that by splitting Gaza from the Sinai, it would make make Gaza fall more easily. Meanwhile, the air attacks by Israel continued, which led to an order by General Amer for the Egyptian troops to retreat. However, the retreat is very sudden, and the chaos led to the roads out of the Sinai being jammed with army vehicles and to troops falling prey to the Israeli jets.<ref name=":1" />  

On the second day of the war, the Israeli troops captured al-Arish, the largest city of the Sinai Peninsula. The location is important since it is only 45 km from the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] border. Israel hoped that by splitting Gaza from the Sinai, it would make make Gaza fall more easily. Meanwhile, the air attacks by Israel continued, which led to an order by General Amer for the Egyptian troops to retreat. However, the retreat is very sudden, and the chaos led to the roads out of the Sinai being jammed with army vehicles and to troops falling prey to the Israeli jets.<ref name=":1" />  

Israel won the war after 983 people had been killed, and many tanks and aircraft had been destroyed. On the opposite side, Egypt lost 15.000 soldiers, Jordan 700 and Syria 2500. With its victory, Israel gained many territories: the whole Sinai Peninsula, the [[Gaza Strip]], and the [[West Bank]] (including [[East Jerusalem]] and the [[Golan Heights]]). That also meant that Israel now ruled and governed one million Arabs, which led to the forced displacement of most of them soon after the war.<ref>{{Citation|title=Six-Day War (1967) - Third Arab–Israeli War DOCUMENTARY|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHqJ6pgdE-c|language=en|access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref>

Israel won the war after 983 people had been killed, and many tanks and aircraft had been destroyed. On the opposite side, Egypt lost 15.000 soldiers, Jordan 700 and Syria 2500. With its victory, Israel gained many territories: the whole Sinai Peninsula, the [[Gaza Strip]], and the [[West Bank]] (including [[East Jerusalem]] and the [[Golan Heights]]). That also meant that Israel now ruled and governed one million Arabs, which led to the forced displacement of most of them soon after the war.<ref>{{Citation|title=Six-Day War (1967) - Third Arab–Israeli War DOCUMENTARY|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHqJ6pgdE-c|language=en|access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref>

The victory of Israel had many different meanings. It was a defeat for the Arab countries but also for the Soviets, who had helped Egypt to maintain its power in the Middle East.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Churchill |first1=Randolph |last2=Churchill |first2=Winston S. |title=The Six-Day War |date=1 January 1967 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location=London |isbn=978-0395075326 |language=en}}</ref> More importantly, Israel had confirmed its supremacy in the region and proved very powerful despite its small size. Feelings of enthusiasm and optimism spread inside and outside the country and convinced many Jews to migrate to Israel. Across the Arab world, violence rose against the Jewish communities. The war also resulted in a change of strategy for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]], which had been founded in 1964 but only now became military active.

The victory of Israel had many different meanings. It was a defeat for the Arab countries but also for the Soviets, who had helped Egypt to maintain its power in the Middle East.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Churchill |first1=Randolph |last2=Churchill |first2=Winston S. |title=The Six-Day War |date=1 January 1967 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location=London |isbn=978-0395075326 |language=en}}</ref> More importantly, Israel had confirmed its supremacy in the region and proved very powerful despite its small size. Feelings of enthusiasm and optimism spread inside and outside the country and convinced many Jews to migrate to Israel. Across the [[Arab world]], violence rose against the Jewish communities. The war also resulted in a change of strategy for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]], which had been founded in 1964 but only now became military active.

In an interview in late June 1967, [[David Ben-Gurion]], a former prime minister of Israel, affirmed that his country would have accepted to give back the occupied territories in exchange for a definite peace treaty and its recognition of the by the Arab countries.<ref name=":0" /> Nasser and other Arab leaders decided not to accept those conditions. Their choice against further negotiations led to another conflict just a few years later, in 1973,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six-Day War ends|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/six-day-war-ends|access-date=2023-05-13|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> called the [[Yom Kippur War]]. Israel won once again, but the war did not bring much change to the borders that had been on the ground since 1967. Eventually, Israel returned the [[Sinai Peninsula]] to Egypt in 1982 but kept the lands it had acquired from Jordan. The UN requested Israel to retreat to the pre-1967 borders and to help form an Arab-Palestinian state, but negotiations and intermittent fighting continued, and the tensions with Palestinians in the territories occupied by Israel have never been solved.

In an interview in late June 1967, [[David Ben-Gurion]], a former [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister of Israel]], affirmed that his country would have accepted to give back the occupied territories in exchange for a definite peace treaty and its recognition of the by the Arab countries.<ref name=":0" /> Nasser and other Arab leaders decided not to accept those conditions. Their choice against further negotiations led to another conflict just a few years later, in 1973,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six-Day War ends|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/six-day-war-ends|access-date=2023-05-13|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> called the [[Yom Kippur War]]. Israel won once again, but the war did not bring much change to the borders that had been on the ground since 1967. Eventually, Israel returned the [[Sinai Peninsula]] to Egypt in 1982 but kept the lands it had acquired from Jordan. The UN requested Israel to retreat to the pre-1967 borders and to help form an Arab-Palestinian state, but negotiations and intermittent fighting continued, and the tensions with Palestinians in the territories occupied by Israel have never been solved.

== Six-Day War Media ==

== Six-Day War Media ==

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File:6DayWarEnglish.png|Israels gains in the six day war in english

File:Nasser and Egyptian pilots pre-1967.gif|On 22 May 1967, President Nasser addressed his pilots at [[Bir Gifgafa Airfield]] in Sinai: "The Jews are threatening war—we say to them [[wikt:أهلا وسهلا|ahlan wa-sahlan]] (welcome)!"

File:Nasser and Egyptian pilots pre-1967.gif|On 22 May 1967, President Nasser addressed his pilots at [[Bir Gifgafa Airfield]] in Sinai: "The Jews are threatening war—we say to them [[wikt:أهلا وسهلا|ahlan wa-sahlan]] (welcome)!"

File:6dayswar1.jpg|Israeli troops examine destroyed Egyptian aircraft

File:Hatzerim Mirage 20100129 1.jpg|Dassault Mirage at the [[Israeli Air Force Museum]]. Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft.

File:Hatzerim Mirage 20100129 1.jpg|Dassault Mirage at the [[Israeli Air Force Museum]]. Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft.

File:1967-06-06 Mid-East.ogv|A newsreel from 6 June about the first Israeli–Egyptian fighting

File:1967-06-06 Mid-East.ogv|A newsreel from 6 June about the first Israeli–Egyptian fighting

File:1967-06-09 Egypt Accepts UN Cease-Fire.ogv|A [[Universal Newsreel]] from 9 June about the war and UN reactions.

File:1967-06-09 Egypt Accepts UN Cease-Fire.ogv|A [[Universal Newsreel]] from 9 June about the war and UN reactions.

{{Reflist}}

{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==

== Other websites ==

* "The Six Days War". ''History Learning Site''. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2015.

* [http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/ Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline]

* [http://i-cias.com/e.o/sixdaywr.htm "Six-Day War"] in the ''Encyclopaedia of the Orient''

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160201184820/https://www.isracast.com/article.aspx?id=374 Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces] – Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, 7 June 1967

* [http://imra.org.il/story.php3?id=18226 "How the USSR Planned to Destroy Israel in 1967"] by Isabella Ginor. Published by the journal ''[[Middle East Review of International Affairs]]'' (MERIA), Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003)

{{Egypt–Israel relations}}

{{Egypt–Israel relations}}