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[[Technology]] is also changing how we learn. Tools like [[educational game]]s, smart tutoring programs, and [[app]]s that adjust to your level help make learning more personal and fun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pane|first=John F.|last2=Steiner|first2=Elizabeth D.|last3=Baird|first3=Matthew D.|last4=Hamilton|first4=Laura S.|date=2015-11-10|title=Continued Progress: Promising Evidence on Personalized Learning|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1365.html|journal=RAND Corporation|language=en|doi=10.7249/rr1365}}</ref> Some programs use ideas from [[neuroscience]], though not all of these are fully proven. Some are based on “neuromyths” or misunderstandings of how the brain works.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard-Jones|first=Paul A.|date=2014|title=Neuroscience and education: myths and messages|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3817|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|language=en|volume=15|issue=12|pages=817–824|doi=10.1038/nrn3817|issn=1471-0048}}</ref> Also, where and how people grow up affects learning. In group-focused (collectivist) cultures, memorizing facts and respecting teachers might be more common. In more individual-focused cultures, asking questions and thinking critically may be encouraged.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The geography of thought: how Asians and Westerners think differently ... and why|last=Nisbett|first=Richard E.|date=2004|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-7432-5535-6|location=London}}</ref> Finally, learning is not just something [[human]]s do. Many [[animal]]s also learn. For example, [[bee]]s can understand the idea of “same” and “different,” and [[octopus]]es can solve [[puzzle]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giurfa|first=Martin|date=2021-02-01|title=Learning of sameness/difference relationships by honey bees: performance, strategies and ecological context|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154620300814|journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences|series=Same-different conceptualization|volume=37|pages=1–6|doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.05.008|issn=2352-1546|pmc=8772047|pmid=35083374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richter|first=Jonas N.|last2=Hochner|first2=Binyamin|last3=Kuba|first3=Michael J.|date=2016|title=Pull or Push? Octopuses Solve a Puzzle Problem|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4803207/|journal=PLoS One|volume=11|issue=3|pages=e0152048|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152048|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4803207|pmid=27003439}}</ref>
[[Technology]] is also changing how we learn. Tools like [[educational game]]s, smart tutoring programs, and [[app]]s that adjust to your level help make learning more personal and fun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pane|first=John F.|last2=Steiner|first2=Elizabeth D.|last3=Baird|first3=Matthew D.|last4=Hamilton|first4=Laura S.|date=2015-11-10|title=Continued Progress: Promising Evidence on Personalized Learning|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1365.html|journal=RAND Corporation|language=en|doi=10.7249/rr1365}}</ref> Some programs use ideas from [[neuroscience]], though not all of these are fully proven. Some are based on “neuromyths” or misunderstandings of how the brain works.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard-Jones|first=Paul A.|date=2014|title=Neuroscience and education: myths and messages|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3817|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|language=en|volume=15|issue=12|pages=817–824|doi=10.1038/nrn3817|issn=1471-0048}}</ref> Also, where and how people grow up affects learning. In group-focused (collectivist) cultures, memorizing facts and respecting teachers might be more common. In more individual-focused cultures, asking questions and thinking critically may be encouraged.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The geography of thought: how Asians and Westerners think differently ... and why|last=Nisbett|first=Richard E.|date=2004|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-7432-5535-6|location=London}}</ref> Finally, learning is not just something [[human]]s do. Many [[animal]]s also learn. For example, [[bee]]s can understand the idea of “same” and “different,” and [[octopus]]es can solve [[puzzle]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giurfa|first=Martin|date=2021-02-01|title=Learning of sameness/difference relationships by honey bees: performance, strategies and ecological context|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154620300814|journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences|series=Same-different conceptualization|volume=37|pages=1–6|doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.05.008|issn=2352-1546|pmc=8772047|pmid=35083374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richter|first=Jonas N.|last2=Hochner|first2=Binyamin|last3=Kuba|first3=Michael J.|date=2016|title=Pull or Push? Octopuses Solve a Puzzle Problem|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4803207/|journal=PLoS One|volume=11|issue=3|pages=e0152048|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152048|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4803207|pmid=27003439}}</ref>
== History ==
== Prehistory ==
Learning in [[human history]] started long before [[writing]] was invented. Early [[human]]s learned by watching others, copying what they did, and trying things out until they worked. This helped them survive by learning skills such as making tools, using [[fire]], and [[hunting]] together in groups. [[Archaeologist]]s have found evidence that [[knowledge]] was passed on mainly by showing and doing, not by formal teaching. For example, the making of stone tools like the [[Acheulean|Acheulean hand-axe]] shows that people built on the skills of earlier generations.
[[Cave painting]]s and carvings, such as those at [[Lascaux]] in [[France]] and [[Blombos Cave]] in [[South Africa]], suggest that humans also learned through stories and rituals. These [[artwork]]s may have carried both practical knowledge, like how to hunt [[animal]]s, and spiritual ideas about [[life]]. [[Anthropologist]]s point out that this kind of learning was communal, meaning it happened in groups. [[Skill]]s were learned by taking part in shared activities rather than by studying alone.
== Ancient civilization ==
When human groups changed from living as hunters and gatherers to building [[Society|farming societies]], learning started to become more organized. Special people such as [[teacher]]s, [[scribe]]s, and [[priest]]s took on the role of passing down knowledge. In [[Mesopotamia]], [[clay tablet]]s from about 2000 BCE show that there were schools for scribes called edubba. In these schools, students practiced writing in [[cuneiform]], learned [[mathematics]], and studied [[Code of law|law code]]s. These skills were important for running [[government]]s and for [[trade]].
In [[Ancient Egypt]], priests taught in temple schools. They trained students in [[Hieroglyph|hieroglyphic writing]], [[astronomy]], and [[medicine]]. This shows that learning was closely connected to [[religion]] as well as to the needs of government. In [[Ancient China|China]], the thinker [[Confucius]] (551–479 BCE) taught that learning should focus on good behavior, respect for tradition, and keeping society peaceful. His ideas shaped Chinese education for centuries and later led to the [[Imperial examination|imperial examination system]], where people could earn government positions through study.
In [[Ancient India|India]], knowledge from the Vedic tradition was first remembered and spoken aloud for many generations before being written in [[Sanskrit]]. [[Monastery|Buddhist monasteries]] also became important places of learning, where [[monk]]s studied [[philosophy]], [[logic]], and [[meditation]]. In [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], learning became more systematic. [[Socrates]] used questions and dialogue to teach. [[Plato]] opened the Academy around 387 BCE, and [[Aristotle]], his student, founded the [[Lyceum]] in 335 BCE. These schools created structured ways of learning that strongly influenced Western education for thousands of years.
== Theoretical foundations ==
== Theoretical foundations ==