991,775
edits
Changes
mLine 1:
Line 1: − + − + − + − '''C''' is the third ([[three|3rd]]) [[letter]] in the [[English language|English]] [[alphabet]] and [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]].+ − == Meanings for C ==+ − * In [[temperature]], ''°C'' means "degrees [[Celsius]]".+ − * In [[music]], ''C'' is a [[Note (music)|note]] sometimes referred to as “Do”.+ − * In [[chemistry]], ''C'' is the atom of [[carbon]], as in '''C'''<sub>40</sub>[[H]]<sub>56</sub>.+ − * In [[physics]], ''c'' is the [[speed of light]], as in E=mc².+ − * In [[Roman numeral]]s, ''C'' means "one [[hundred]]" (100).+ − * There is a [[programming language]] called ''C'', see [[C programming language]].+ − * In [[electronics]], C is a type of [[battery]].+ − *C can also mean the [[copyright]] symbol+ − + − *The letter "C" is pronounced as /k/, which is similar to K or Q(u). It is sometimes said as /s/.+ − *The letter "C"'s name in English is "cee" (said as /ˈsiː/).+ − *Occasionally, the letter may sound like the letter "[[S]]".+ + + + + + + + − + − + − File:Proto-semiticG-01.svg|# Proto-semitic Gimel, a theological invention.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − File:Phoenician gimel.svg|Phoenician letter gimel+ + + + + + + − File:Greek Gamma 03.svg|Glyph shape found in ancient Greek epigraphy (Gamma).+ − File:Early Etruscan C.svg|Early Etruscan c+ + − File:Copyright.svg|The copyright symbol drawn in SVG. Image version of the symbol ©.+ + + + + + − File:Phoenician gimel.svg|Phoenician letter gimel+ − File:Greek Gamma archaic 1.svg|One epigraphic letter shape of ancient Greek letter Gamma.+ + − File:EtruscanC-01.svg|Etruscan H+ + + + + + − File:Old Latin G.svg|Old Latin letter G/C, created with Inkscape by using the PNG-Version as template.+ + + + + + + + − File:Capitalis monumentalis C.svg|Latin capital letter C in the style of the Roman Capitalis monumentalis, using the font Trajan Pro+ − + − + − *{{wikt-inline}} − *{{commonscat-inline}} − {{Latin script}}+ + + + + − + + + + + +
KS update 1.4
:''If you typed '''C#''' and arrived at this page, then see [[C-sharp]].''
{{Infobox programming language
{{A-Z}}
| name = C++
[[File:C cursiva.gif|thumb]]
| logo = File:ISO C++ Logo.svg
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]:<ref name="stroustruptcpppl" /> [[procedural programming|procedural]], [[functional programming|functional]], [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[generic programming|generic]]
| year = 1983
| designer = [[Bjarne Stroustrup]]
| developer = Bjarne Stroustrup<br>[[Bell Labs]]<br>{{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21}}
| latest_release_version = ISO/IEC 14882:2026
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2026|03|28|df=yes}}
| latest_test_version =
| latest_test_date =
| typing = [[Static type|Static]], [[Type system#Safely and unsafely typed systems|unsafe]], [[Nominative type system|nominative]]
| implementations = {{nowraplinks}}[[C++ Builder]], [[clang]], [[Comeau C/C++]], [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Intel C++ Compiler]], [[Microsoft Visual C++]], [[Sun Studio (software)|Sun Studio]]{{nowraplinks end}}
== Pronunciation ==
| dialects = {{nowraplinks}}[[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 1998, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2003, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2011, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2014, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2017, [[ISO/IEC 14882|ISO/IEC C++]] 2020{{nowraplinks end}}
| influenced_by = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Simula]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 83]], [[ALGOL 68]], [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]], [[ML (programming language)|ML]]<ref name="stroustruptcpppl">{{Cite book | last=Stroustrup | first=Bjarne | title=The C++ Programming Language | url=https://archive.org/details/cprogramminglang00stro_0 | year=1997 | edition=Third | <!-- chapter=1 | --> isbn=0201889544 | oclc=59193992 }}</ref>
| influenced = [[Perl]]<!--1987-->, [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]]<!--1989-->, [[Lua]]<!--1993-->, [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]]<!-- 1994 -->, [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 95]]<!--1995-->, [[Java (programming language)|Java]]<!--1995-->, [[PHP]]<!--1995-->, [[D (programming language)|D]]<!--1999-->, [[C99]]<!--1999-->, [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]<!--2001-->, [[Falcon (programming language)|Falcon]]<!--2003-->
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform|Cross-platform (multi-platform)]]
| license =
| website =
| file_ext = .h .hh .hpp .hxx {{nowrap|.h++}} .cc .cpp .cxx {{nowrap|.c++}}
| wikibooks = C++ Programming
|logo caption=C++ logo used by ISO}}
[[File:BjarneStroustrup.jpg|right|thumb|<sub>Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++</sub>]]
'''C++''' ('''pronounced "c plus plus"''') is a [[computer]] [[programming language]] based on [[C programming language|C]]. It was created for writing computer programs. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world. Like C, C++ uses manual memory management (unlike most mainstream languages, where memory management is automatic), while the [[syntax]] usually used for it is similar, but different.
== C Media ==
The C++ programming language was developed by [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] at [[Bell Labs]] in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as an improvement on the [[C (programming language)|C]] programming language, adding features based on [[object-oriented programming]]. Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like [[exception handling]], [[templates (programming)|templates]], "move semantics" and [[:en:Namespace#C++|namespaces]] (not full module support, while that was added later) and new [[operator overloading]] capabilities were added in versions C++11 and C++20.
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
C++ runs on a most platforms (all mainstream ones), such as [[Windows]] and the various versions of [[UNIX]], such as [[macOS]], [[Linux]], and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200713161758/https://www.programstudio.online/2020/05/introduction-to-c.html Introduction to C++ language] is a practical approach to describe the concepts of C++ for beginners to advanced software engineers.
C++ is a general-purpose programming language, which means that it can be used to create many kinds of applications.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is C++ Used For?|url=https://codinggrammar.com/what-is-cpp-used-for/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718094937/https://codinggrammar.com/what-is-cpp-used-for/|archive-date=2020-07-18}}</ref>
[[:en:C++26|C++26]] is a major update, "C++26 has important memory safety improvements that you get just by recompiling your existing C++ code with no changes. .. At Google alone, it has already fixed over 1,000 bugs, is projected to prevent 1,000 to 2,000 bugs a year, and has reduced the [[:en:segmentation fault|segfault]] rate across the production fleet by 30%";<ref name = "cpp26_is_complete_herbsutter">{{cite web |last=Sutter |first=Herb |date=29 March 2026 |title=C++26 is done! — Trip report: March 2026 ISO C++ standards meeting (London Croydon, UK) |url=https://herbsutter.com/2026/03/29/c26-is-done-trip-report-march-2026-iso-c-standards-meeting-london-croydon-uk/ |website=herbsutter.com |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref> thus [[:en:Herb Sutter|Herb Sutter]], calls C++26 is the most 'compelling' release since [[:en:C++11|C++11]].
C++26, from March 2026, is the latest version of the standard (no compiler has full support for it; Clang has partial support for it opting into with C++2c, GCC has experimental support in same way or with gnu++2c), C++23 the previous version, and C++20 the one before (GCC has almost full support for it and defaults to it in GCC 16; no compiler has full support), which finally added for example module support in December 2020 (while many languages supported modules a decade, if not two or more, earlier). The major compilers have almost complete support for C++20, while almost all default to the older C++17 standard, so a [[compiler]] switch is needed to enable the C++20, or later, support the compilers may have.
New C++ standards are on a three-year schedule, so the next one, likely C++29, is expected in 2029, and some compilers already have some (partial) support for that experimental standard. The many earlier C++ standards have each added stuff to the language, almost never taken stuff out, so mostly keeping compatibility with older standards.
== Example ==
The following text is C++ source code, and it will write the words "[[Hello world program|Hello World!]]" on the screen when it has been [[compiled language|compiled]] and is executed. Note it only works since C++23, since it's the new modern way to print in C++ (is done in a way much closer most other languages not diverging with the unusual older stream syntax):
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp" line="1">
import std;
int main() {
std::println("Hello, world!");
}
</syntaxhighlight>
The older way to print that still works (and will in future versions) and was typically the first program a programmer would write while learning about programming languages:
<!--
C++ inherits most of [[C syntax|C's syntax]]. The following is Bjarne Stroustrup's version of the [[Hello world program]] that uses the [[C++ Standard Library]] stream facility to write a message to [[Standard output#Standard output (stdout)|standard output]]:
This code is copied directly from Bjarne Stroustrup's errata page (p. 633). He addresses the use of <code>'\n'</code> rather than <code>std::endl</code>. Also see [http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html#void-main Can I write "void main()"?] for an explanation of the implicit <code>return 0;</code> in the <code>main</code> function. This implicit return is ''not'' available in other functions.
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp" line="1">
***************************************************************
*
* PLEASE NOTE:
*
* BEFORE MAKING CHANGES to the "Hello World" example
* please establish consensus [..]
*
* The latest consensus is ''not'' to make any of those changes.
* This is the example "Hello, world!" by Bjarne Stroustrup,
* the author of the C++ language, and is used in
* his book, "The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition)".
*
***************************************************************
-->
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp" line="1">
// This is a comment. It's for *people* to read, not computers. It's usually used to describe the program.
// Make the I/O standard library available for use in the program.
#include <iostream>
// We are now defining the main function; it is the function run when the program starts.
int main()
{
// Printing a message to the screen using the standard output stream std::cout.
std::cout << "Hello World!";
}
</syntaxhighlight>
This program is similar to the last, except it will add 3 + 2 and print the answer instead of "Hello World!".
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Print a simple calculation.
std::cout << 3 + 2;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
This program subtracts, multiplies, divides and then prints the answer on the screen.
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Create and initialize three variables, a, b, and c, to 5, 10, and 20.
int a = 5;
int b = 10;
int c = 20;
// Print calculations.
std::cout << a-b-c;
std::cout << a*b*c;
std::cout << a/b/c;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
== Manual memory management ==
C++ introduced two keywords <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code> for manual memory management (while also keeping compatibility with the old way C uses), and the constructor and destructor concepts. In modern C++ code, using <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code> (and destructors) is no longer preferred in high-level code, rather containers such as <code>std:vector</code> (which at a low level are implemented with <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code>).
== C++ Media ==
</gallery>
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
== Other websites ==
File:20160121 CppFRUG Joel Falcou CppQuiz 3.jpg|A quiz on C++11 features being given in Paris in 2015
File:C++ Standards Committee meeting - July 1996 Stockholm - Wednesday general session.jpg|Scene during the C++ standards committee meeting in Stockholm in 1996
File:ANSI ISO C++ WP.jpg|The draft "Working Paper" standard that became approved as C++98; half of its size was devoted to the C++ Standard Library.
</gallery>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{stub}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:C}}
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:High-level programming languages]]