The Troubles
The Troubles (Irish: Na Trioblóidí) was a guerrilla/nationalist[12][13][14][15] conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century.
| The Troubles | ||||||||
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 Political map of Ireland | ||||||||
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| Belligerents | ||||||||
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State security forces |
Irish republican paramilitaries
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Ulster loyalist paramilitaries
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| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
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British Army: 705 Irish Army: 1 Gardaí: 9 IPS: 1 Total: 11[7] |
PIRA: 292 INLA: 38 OIRA: 27 IPLO: 9 RIRA: 2 Total: 368[7] |
UDA: 91 UVF: 62 RHC: 4 LVF: 3 UR: 2[8] Total: 162[7] | ||||||
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Civilians killed: 1,840[9] (or 1,935 inc. ex-combatants)[7] | ||||||||
It is also known as the Northern Ireland conflict,[16][17][18][19][20] it is sometimes described as an "irregular war"[21][22][23] or "low-level war".[24][25][26]
The conflict began in the late 1960s and many said it ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.[2][3][27][28][29] Although the Troubles primarily took place in Northern Ireland, at times the violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England, and mainland Europe.
A key issue was the state of Northern Ireland. Unionists/loyalists (most of whom were Protestants) wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists/republicans (most of whom were Catholics) wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a United Ireland.[30]
More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict. Of those: 52% were civilians, 32% were members of the British security forces, and 16% were members of paramilitary groups.[31]
The Troubles Media
Protestant demonstrators burning an effigy of Daniel O’Connell, an incident that sparked the Belfast riots of 1864
The Ulster Covenant was issued in protest against the Third Home Rule Bill in September 1912.
The Proclamation of the Irish Republic was issued during the Easter Rising of April 1916.
Irish Boundary Commission final report map (1925) shows religious distribution of the population. The green areas signify Catholic majority areas, while the red areas signify non-Catholic majority areas.
A monument to Northern Ireland's first civil rights march
The Royal Ulster Constabulary deployed Shorland armoured cars mounted with heavy Browning machine guns during rioting in Belfast
1971 newsreel about the background of the conflict
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References
- ↑ Melaugh, Martin. Frequently Asked Questions – The Northern Ireland Conflict. Conflict Archive on the Internet (3 February 2006)Ulster University. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Aughey, Arthur. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement (2005)Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-32788-6. OCLC 55962335.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Holland, Jack. Hope Against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland (August 1999)Henry Holt and Company. p. 221. ISBN 9780805060874.
- ↑ Gillespie, Gordon. Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict (2008)Scarecrow Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-8108-5583-0.
- ↑ Taylor, Peter. Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin (1997)TV Books. p. 246–61. ISBN 978-1-57500-061-9. OCLC 38012191.
- ↑ Ministry of Defence Annual Report and Accounts 2006–2007 (23 July 2007)Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Sutton, Malcom. Sutton Index of Deaths. Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ↑ Melaugh, Martin. CAIN: Abstracts of Organisations – 'U'. Conflict Archive on the InternetUlster University.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sutton, Malcom. Sutton Index of Deaths – Status Summary. Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ↑ Melaugh, Mertin. Northern Ireland Society – Security and Defence. Conflict Archive on the InternetUlster University.
- ↑ History – The Troubles – ViolenceBBC. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
- ↑ Mitchell, Claire. Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland (2013)Ashgate Publishing. p. 5.
- ↑ John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary. Explaining Northern Ireland (15 June 1995)Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-631-18349-5.
- ↑ Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation (28 January 1994)Cambridge University Press. p. 55–59. ISBN 978-0-521-45933-4.
- ↑ John Coakley. Ethnic Conflict and the Two-State Solution: The Irish Experience of Partition. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- ↑ Melaugh, Martin. Glossary of Terms on Northern Ireland Conflict. Conflict Archive on the InternetUlster University.
- ↑ McEvoy, Joanne. The politics of Northern Ireland (2008)Edinburgh University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7486-2501-7. OCLC 232570935.
- ↑ McKittrick, David. Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict (2001)Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141003054.
- ↑ Gillespie, Gordon. The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict (2009)Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810870451.
- ↑ Edwards, Aaron. The Northern Ireland Conflict: A Beginner's Guide (2012)Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780741710.
- ↑ Lesley-Dixon, Kenneth. Northern Ireland: The Troubles: From The Provos to The Det (2018)Pen and Sword Books. p. 13.
- ↑ Schaeffer, Robert. Severed States: Dilemmas of Democracy in a Divided World (1999)Rowman & Littlefield. p. 152.
- ↑ Rainey, Mark (12 November 2016). "Special Branch officer's insider view of Northern Ireland's 'secret war'". The News Letter (Johnston Publishing (NI)). https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/special-branch-officer-s-insider-view-of-northern-ireland-s-secret-war-1-7676099.
- ↑ Taylor, Peter (26 September 2014). "Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
- ↑ Troubles 'not war' motion passed. BBC. 18 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7249681.stm. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ↑ Hennessey, Thomas. The Northern Ireland peace process: ending the troubles? (2001)Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN 978-0312239497.
- ↑ Gillespie, Gordon. Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict (November 2007)Scarecrow Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0810855830.
- ↑ Elliott, Marianne. The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University (2007)Liverpool University Press. p. 2, 188. ISBN 978-1-84631-065-2.
- ↑ Goodspeed, Michael. When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War : America, Britain, Israel, and the Future (2002)Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 44, 61. ISBN 0-275-97378-6.
- ↑ United ireland. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- ↑ Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict (2003–present). Retrieved 31 July 2008.
