Three-strikes law
Three-strikes laws, or habitual offender laws, are laws that impact the punishment for a crime.[1] Under a three-strikes law, if a person was convicted of three serious crimes, they will have to go to prison for life after their third crime.[2][3][4] Three-strikes laws are used in many states of the USA. They are part of the United States Justice Department's Anti-Violence Strategy.[5][6]
In most states, only crimes at the felony level qualify as serious crimes. In some places, only violent felonies qualify as serious.
The expression "Three strikes and you are out" comes from baseball. If a batter gets three strikes, they strike out.
History
The idea of giving longer prison sentences to repeat criminals is not new. Judges often consider earlier crimes when deciding the punishment. However, in most cases, laws did not require a longer prison sentence. There is a more recent history of mandatory prison sentences for repeat criminals. [7]
During Prohibition, the state of Michigan made one of the harshest laws against carrying alcohol in the nation. The law required a life sentence for those breaking alcohol laws for the fourth time.[8] In 1928, Etta Mae Miller, a mother of four, was found guilty under this law. People were very angry at the state.[9]
The first true "three-strikes" law was passed in 1993, when Washington voters approved Initiative 593. California passed its own in 1994, when their voters passed Proposition 184,[10] with 72% voting yes and 28% voting no. The initiative proposed to the voters had the title of Three Strikes and You're Out. This meant a person would go to prison for life after three violent or serious felonies.
The idea quickly spread to other states, but none of them chose to adopt a law as extensive as California's. By 2004, twenty-six states and the federal government had laws that can be called "three-strikes" laws. Each of these laws said that a third felony conviction brings a sentence of 20 years to life in prison. The person must serve 20 years before they can qualify for parole. A 1997 study found that in California, "the three-strikes law did not decrease serious crime or petty theft rates below the level expected on the basis of preexisting trends."[11]
References
- ↑ White, Ahmed (2006). "The Juridical Structure of Habitual Offender Laws and the Jurisprudence of Authoritarian Social Control". Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ↑ "1032. Sentencing Enhancement – "Three Strikes" Law | USAM | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
- ↑ Meese, Edwin (1994-01-01). "Three-Strikes Laws Punish and Protect". Federal Sentencing Reporter. 7 (2): 58–60. doi:10.2307/20639746. JSTOR 20639746.
- ↑ "Three Strikes Law – A General Summary". www.sandiegocounty.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
- ↑ "Anti-Violence Strategy | USAO | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
- ↑ "1032. Sentencing Enhancement – "Three Strikes" Law – USAM – Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 2015-02-20. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ Zimring, Franklin E.; Hawkins, Gordon; Kamin, Sam (2001). Punishment and Democracy: Three Strikes and You're Out in California. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-513686-9.
- ↑ Okrent, Daniel (11 May 2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner. loc 6011(Kindle). ISBN 978-0743277020.
- ↑ TERM IN MICHIGAN; Fouth [sic] Liquor Law Violation Gets Conviction by Jury--Counsel Plans Appeal.. 12 December 1928. https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/13/archives/mother-of-10-faces-life-term-in-michigan-fouth-liquor-law-violation.html. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ↑ "California Proposition 184, Three Strikes Sentencing Initiative (1994)". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ Stolzenberg, Lisa; Stewart J. D'Alessio (1997). ""Three Strikes and You're Out": The Impact of California's New Mandatory Sentencing Law on Serious Crime Rates". Crime and Delinquency. 43 (4): 457–69. doi:10.1177/0011128797043004004. S2CID 146715051.