Ultra
Ultra was the name given by British military intelligence for the attack on German military codes in World War II. It included the Enigma machine and, later, the Japanese Purple machine.
The work on Enigma started before the war, when Polish cryptographers smuggled out an Enigma machine to England. The codename 'Ultra', however, was only given to the work in 1941.
Work on understanding the Enigma, and on breaking German military signals, was of vital importance in the Battle of the Atlantic, the greatest threat to Britain during the war.[1] The key event occurred in 1941, when not just a machine, but also a codebook, was got from a German submarine.[2]
Wartime signals intelligence (SIGINT) were got as follows. First of all, encrypted German radio messages in Morse code were recorded in Britain. Their place of origin was got by recording the messages at two different receiving places. The attack on the codes was done at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park.[3][4][5]
Ultra became the standard term among the western Allies for all such intelligence. The name arose because the intelligence got was thought more important than the highest British security classification (Most Secret).
Ultra Media
A typical Bletchley intercept sheet, before decryption and translation.
A typical Bletchley intercept sheet, after decryption.
Average numbers of daily Ultra dispatches to field commanders during World War II[6]
Women cryptologists at work in the U.S. Army's Arlington Hall
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References
- ↑ Hough R. 1986. The longest battle: the war at sea 1939-45. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- ↑ Kahn D. Seizing the Enigma: the race to break the German U-Boat codes, 1939–1943. London: Souvenir Press 1992.
- ↑ Hinsley F.H. & Stripp, Alan (eds) 1992. Codebreakers: The inside story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280132-6
- ↑ Smith M. 1998. Station X: the codebreakers of Bletchley Park. London: Channel 4 books.
- ↑ Welchman G. 1982, 2016. The Hut 6 story: breaking the Enigma codes. Kidderminster. ISBN 978-0-947712-34-1
- ↑ Bennett 1999, p. 302.
