Vacuole
(1) nucleolus
(2) nucleus
(3) ribosome
(4) vesicle
(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
(6) Golgi apparatus
(7) Cytoskeleton
(8) smooth ER
(9) mitochondria
(10) vacuole
(11) cytoplasm
(12) lysosome
(13) centrioles
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle.[1] They are a kind of vesicle. Vacuoles are closed sacs, made of membranes with inorganic or organic molecules inside, such as enzymes. They have no set shape or size, and the cell can change them as needed. They are in most eukaryotic cells and do many things. They can store waste. Vacuoles and their contents are distinct from the cytoplasm, and are classified as ergastic according to some people.[2] The solution that fills the vacuole is called cell sap.
What a vacuole does and how important it is depends on what kind of cell they are in. They are much more important in plant and fungus cells than in animal cells. Some common jobs of a vacuole are to:
- Hold waste products, and keep things separate from the rest of the cell
- Hold water in plant cells
- Keep the internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor steady in a cell. In land plants, this holds the stem upright.
- Keep an acidic pH on the inside of a cell
- Hold small molecules
- In seeds, proteins that seeds use to sprout are put in 'protein bodies'. Protein bodies are just vacuoles that are a little bit different from normal.[3]
Vacuoles are also important in autophagy, keeping a balance between making and getting rid of many things in cells and organisms. They also help with destroying and recycling broken proteins that build up in cells. Vacuoles may help attack bacteria and some kinds of vacuoles may act as a house for symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles also store and help digest food that the protist ate.[4]
Central vacuole
The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and holds materials and wastes. It also keeps the proper pressure in the plant cells, and supports the growing plant.
Evolution
The evolution of multicellularity took place several times on Earth. That is, separately in animals, fungi, streptophytes (charophyte algae and land plants), red algae, and brown algae. The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the green plants.[5]
VacuoleCentral Vacuole Media
Plant_cell_structure labelling only the vacuole
Diagram of an animal cell with only the vacuole labelled
The anthocyanin-storing vacuoles of Rhoeo spathacea, a spiderwort, in cells that have plasmolyzed
References
- ↑ Venes D (2001). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (20th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 2287. ISBN 0-9762548-3-2.
- ↑ Esau K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd ed. John Wiley.
- ↑ Matile, Phillipe 1993. Chapter 18: Vacuoles, discovery of lysosomal origin. In Discoveries in Plant Biology: v. 1. World Scientific Publishing.
- ↑ Jezbera Jan, Karel Hornak, Karel Simek (2005). "Food selection by bacterivorous protists: insight from the analysis of the food vacuole by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 52 (3): 351–363. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.001. PMID 16329920.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Becker B (2007). Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae) (PDF). International Review of Cytology. Vol. 264. pp. 1–24. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7. ISBN 9780123742636. PMID 17964920. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06.