Arapaho
The Arapaho (/əˈræpəhoʊ/; French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a tribe of Native Americans in the Great Plains. They used to live on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close friends of the Cheyenne tribe. They were barely friends with the Lakota and Dakota.
Hinono'eino | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| 10,861[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Languages | |
| English, Arapaho, Plains Sign Language | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Peyotism, Traditional religions | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Algonquian people, Cheyenne people, Gros Ventre people |
History
Early history
Around 3,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Arapaho-speaking people (Heeteinono'eino') lived in the western Great Lakes region. They lived there along the Red River Valley. This would be in what is present-day Manitoba, Canada and Minnesota, United States.[2] The Arapaho were an agricultural people. They grew crops, including maize.[3]
Language
The Arapaho language is currently spoken in two different dialects. It is considered to be a part the Algonquian language family. There are only about 250 fluent speakers of Northern Arapaho. Most of them live on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. There are even fewer fluent Southern Arapaho speakers. All of them are very old.[4]
Arapaho Media
National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum ( Oklahoma City ). Arapaho dress ( ca.1940 ), made of tanned leather, silk ribbon and glass beats. Joe Grandee Collection No. 1991.01.0814
Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages
Pouch, Arapaho (Native American), Late 19th or early 20th century, Brooklyn Museum
Painting of Black Man, an Arapaho warrior with face paint and feathers. By E. A. Burbank, 1899.
Ledger drawing of a mounted Arapaho warrior fighting a group of Navajo or Pueblo warriors, c. 1880
Ledger drawing of a scene from the massacre by Cheyenne eyewitness and artist Howling Wolf.
Present day marker of the Sand Creek Massacre site in Kiowa County, Colorado.
Southern Arapaho women's leggings and moccasins, c. 1910, Oklahoma History Center
Painting of the Fetterman Fight by Kim Douglas Wiggins.
Chief Black Coal, among the most influential Arapaho chiefs of his time. Chief Black Coal was able to largely keep the Arapaho at peace with the United States and out of the Great Sioux war of 1876.
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References
- ↑ "2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010" (PDF). census.gov.
- ↑ Pritzker 319
- ↑ Pritzker 297
- ↑ Cowell, Andrew & Ramsberger, Gail & Menn, Lise. "Dementia and grammar in a polysynthetic language: An Arapaho case study." Language, vol. 93 no. 1, 2017, pp. 97-120. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/lan.2017.0002
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