Arkalochori Axe
The Arkalochori Axe is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC.[1] The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934.[2] Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I.[3] The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual.[4] The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a 'pseudo-inscription' engraved by an illiterate in uncomprehending imitation of authentic Linear A characters on other similar axes."[5] The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.
Description
The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver.[6] Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.
When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable.[3]
Together with this axe, hundreds of long swords, knives and double axes were found in the cave. Most of these were given as offerings, but some are usable. There are 25 small double axes made of gold and seven made of silver.[7][8] Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5 cm wide.[3] Both axes (ref AR Zf 1 and AR Zf 2) bear the same inscription of a word in Linear A:
This has been phonetically transcribed as I-DA-MA-TE.[8] This transcription resembles the name of the goddess Demeter. The four symbols in Linear A also resemble symbols on the bigger bronze axe. The findings indicate that there probably was a temple to a deity linked to military activity in the cave.[3]
The Inscription
Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are due to Torsten Timm (2004).[9]
Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.
| № | Sign | Comment | Linear A | Phaistos Disc |
| 01 | 
|
A 304  KA ??
|
||
| 02 | 
|
AB28 I
|
D39 
| |
| 03 | 
|
AB01 DA
|
||
| 04 | 
|
D02 
| ||
| 05 | 
|
|||
| 06 | 
|
AB05  TO ??
|
||
| 07 | 
|
cf. 04 | D02
| |
| 08 | 
|
AB80 MA
|
||
| 09 | 
|
AB04  TE ?
|
D35 
| |
| 10 | 
|
cf. 04 | D02
| |
| 11 | 
|
AB31  SA ??
|
D19 
| |
| 12 |
|
cf. 08 | AB80 MA
|
|
| 13 | 
|
AB06  NA ??
|
D23 
| |
| 14 | 
|
Root? | ||
| 15 | 
|
A338  ?
|
Arkalochori Axe Media
Phaistos disc glyph 39
Phaistos disc glyph 02
-
Phaistos disc glyph 02
Phaistos disc glyph 35
-
Phaistos disc glyph 02
Phaistos disc glyph 19
Phaistos disc glyph 23
References
- ↑ Gareth Owens. "The "Cretan Hieroglyphic" inscription from Arkalochori". www.teicrete.gr. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- ↑ Best, Jan G. P.; Woudhuizen, Fred (31 December 1989). Lost Languages from the Mediterranean. Brill. p. 97. ISBN 978-90-04-08934-1.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Dieter Rumpel (2009-04-15). "The Arkalokhori Axe Inscription in Relation to the Diskos of Phaistos Text" (PDF). www.anistor.gr. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- ↑ Whittaker, Helène (2005). "Social and Symbolic Aspects of Minoan writing". European Journal of Archaeology. 8 (2): 157–181. doi:10.1177/1461957105058207. S2CID 162881074.
- ↑ Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-631-22039-8.
- ↑ "The Cave". www.interkriti.org. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
- ↑ Jerome M. Eisenberg. "The Phaistos Disk: A one hundred-year-old hoax?". www.utexas.edu. pp. 14 (6). Retrieved 2012-02-14.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gareth Alun Owens. "The Linear A Inscription from Arkalochori". www.teicrete.gr. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
- ↑ Timm, Torsten (2004). "Der Diskos von Phaistos - Anmerkungen zur Deutung und Textstruktur". Indogermanische Forschungen (109): 204–231. doi:10.1515/16130405.204. S2CID 170325659. (PDF 0.5 Mb)