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Brown v. Board of Education II

Brown v. Board of Education II (often called Brown II) was a Supreme Court case decided in 1955. The year before, the Supreme Court had decided Brown v. Board of Education, which made racial segregation in schools illegal.[1] However, many all-white schools in the United States had not followed this ruling and still had not integrated (allowed black children into) their schools. In Brown II, the Court ordered them to integrate their schools "with all deliberate speed."[2]

Brown v. Board of Education II
Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued April 11–14, 1955
Decided May 31, 1955
Full case nameOliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, et al.
Citations349 U.S. 294 (more)
Prior historySupreme Court ruled for Brown, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Holding
Schools must obey the original Brown ruling and de-segregate, but not immediately. Federal courts will supervise de-segregation.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · Stanley F. Reed
Felix Frankfurter · William O. Douglas
Robert H. Jackson · Harold H. Burton
Tom C. Clark · Sherman Minton
Case opinions
MajorityWarren, joined by all other Justices
Laws applied
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

In Brown II, the Supreme Court also set out rules about what schools needed to do to de-segregate. Finally, it explained how the United States government would make sure the schools did de-segregate.[2]

Background

See also: Brown v. Board of Education

After the Supreme Court decided the original Brown case, it planned to hear arguments during its next court session about just how school de-segregation was going to happen.[3] Segregation in United States schools had existed for centuries. The Court understood that it would not be easy to get the states to follow its ruling and de-segregate their schools.

Also, in its ruling in Brown, the Court had not given the states any instructions for how to end school segregation. The Court had also not given the states a deadline for when they needed to de-segregate their schools.[1] These were all details that the Supreme Court needed to decide in Brown II.

Combined cases

When it decided the original Brown case in 1954, the Supreme Court had combined Brown with four other cases. The Court decided all five cases together as one, which it called Brown v. Board of Education. This meant that in Brown II, the Court was again deciding about five different cases. These were:[2]

Legal issues

There were a few legal questions that the Supreme Court had to decide in Brown II. For example:

  1. What rules should the Court set to make sure schools de-segregated?[4]
  2. What rules should the Court set about when schools had to de-segregate?[4]
  3. If the schools had violated black students' rights by not following the original Brown decision, what should be done? What relief should the students get? (What could the Court do to fix the problem?)[5]

Arguments

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), whose lawyers had won Brown, argued that school de-segregation should begin right away.[6] The states argued back that this would be too difficult and too expensive, and that they needed more time to de-segregate.[6]

Decision

In a 9-0 decision, the Supreme Court ordered the states to start trying to obey the Brown decision and de-segregate their schools. It ordered the states to start making plans about how they were going to integrate their schools.[2]

However, the Court refused to order the schools to integrate right away, like the NAACP had wanted. It also did not set any clear deadline for when schools needed to be de-segregated. In the Court's majority opinion, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that the states should integrate "with all deliberate speed."[2]

To many people, it was not clear exactly what this meant.[5][3] It also meant that the Court was denying relief to the black students in the Brown lawsuits.[5] As constitutional law scholar Steven Emanuel explains:[7]

“ A plaintiff whose constitutional rights have been violated by state action would normally be entitled to immediate relief.[a] But, apparently ... it feared the chaos and violence that might develop if attempts were made to carry out desegregation instantly[.] ”

Instead of ordering the states to de-segregate right away, the Court created a slower plan. It gave federal district courts the power to look after whether schools were de-segregating.[2] Justice Warren wrote: "[These] courts will [make sure] that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start" toward obeying Brown.[2]

Effects

 
School segregation before Brown. Many schools stayed segregated for years even after Brown II

Brown II did make it clear that schools in the United States would have to de-segregate. It also set out a process for making sure schools integrated, by giving federal district courts the power to supervise the schools, control how long they could have to de-segregate,[b] and punish them if they refused to integrate.[2]

However, many states, especially in the South, were able to avoid integrating their schools for years because Brown II did not set a specific deadline for integration. Justice Warren's ruling that schools needed to de-segregate "with all deliberate speed" was vague and could have many different meanings. States and schools that did not want to integrate chose meanings that gave them excuses not to let black students into their schools.[5]

The Griffin case

For example, based on the Brown II ruling, a federal district court ruled that Prince Edward County, Virginia, did not have to de-segregate its schools right away.[8] Several years later, in 1959, a federal court of appeals ordered the county to start de-segregating its schools.[9] Prince Edward County responded by refusing to fund (give any money to) the county's schools.[8] With no money, the schools had to close. They stayed closed for five years, from 1959 to 1964.[8]

Prince Edward County helped white students go to white-only private schools. Black students could not go to school at all, unless they moved to a different county.[8]

Finally, in 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled that what Prince Edward County was doing was unconstitutional, and ordered the schools to re-open – without segregation.[10]

Related pages

Notes

  1. ↑ "Immediate relief" means that the problem is fixed right away, so the plaintiff's rights are not violated any more. In this case, "immediate relief" would mean that school de-segregation would start right away.[5]
  2. ↑ In Brown II, the Court said it realized that integration could take some time, because there were many details that had to be taken care of. The Court's decision allowed schools to ask the federal district courts for more time to integrate. However, the schools would have to prove that they really needed more time, for good reasons.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Brown v. Board of Education II, 349 U.S. 294 (1955).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Teaching with Documents: Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education". Teachers’ Resources. United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (2)". The Oyez Project. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Institute of Technology. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Stone, Geoffrey R.; Seidman, Louis M.; Sunstein, Cass R.; et al. (2009). Constitutional Law (6th ed.). Aspen Publishers. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-7355-7719-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Primary Sources: Draft Version of Decree in Brown v. Board of Education II, 1955". The Supreme Court. PBS. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  7. ↑ Emanuel, Steven (2001). Constitutional Law (19th ed.). Aspen Law & Business. p. 261. ISBN 9780735527317.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Salisbury, David F.; Lartigue, Casey (2004). Educational Freedom in Urban America: Brown v. Board after Half a Century. Cato Institute. p. 19. ISBN 9781930865563.
  9. ↑ Allen v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 266 F.2d 507, 511 (4th Cir. 1959).
  10. ↑ Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 377 U.S. 218 (1964).
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