Galaxy cluster

Galaxy cluster ACO 3341.

The most distant mature galaxy cluster,^[1] taken with ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile and the NAOJ’s Subaru telescope in Hawaii

Galaxy clusters are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity.^[2] Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group.

Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are inside galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.

Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster.

Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).

Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.

Basic properties

Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties.

They contain 50 to 1,000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter. Details are described in the "Composition" section.
The distribution of these three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
They have total masses of 10¹⁴ to 10¹⁵ solar masses.
They typically have a diameter from 2 to 10 megaparsecs.
The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800–1000 km/s.
The intracluster medium or ICM has gas between the galaxies with a temperature of 7-9 keV.

Composition

There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are:

Name of the components	Mass fraction	Description
Galaxies	1%	In optical observations only galaxies are visible
Gas between galaxies, inside the cluster	9%	Plasma between the galaxies at high temperature – emit x-ray radiation
Dark matter	90%	Most massive component, cannot be seen, inferred by gravitational interactions

Scale of things

Where ">" means "contains":

Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars

Galaxy Cluster Media

Composite image of five galaxies clustered together just 600 million years after the Universe's birth
Galaxy cluster IDCS J1426 is located 10 billion light-years from Earth and has the mass of almost 500 trillion suns (multi-wavelength image: X-rays in blue, visible light in green, and infrared light in red).
The Laniakea supercluster with many galaxy clusters
Galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615-5746.
Galaxy cluster RXC J0232.2-4420.
Massive galaxy cluster PSZ2 G138.61-10.84 is about six billion light-years away.
HAWK-I and Hubble explore RCS2 J2327 cluster with the mass of two quadrillion Suns.
Abell 2537 is useful in probing cosmic phenomena like dark matter and dark energy.
Abell 1300 acts like a lens, bending the very fabric of space around it.
Video: Formation of galaxy cluster MRC 1138-262 (artist's concept).