Gastornis
Gastornis, formerly known as Diatryma, is an extinct genus of large flightless birds.[2] They lived in the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs of the Cainozoic. The first remains were discovered in the mid-19th century.[1]
| Gastornis Temporal range: Upper Palaeocene – Lower Eocene
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| Gastornis skeleton | |
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| Family: | †Gastornithidae
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| Genus: | †Gastornis Hébert, 1855[1]
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In the 1870s, the famous American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope discovered another, more complete set of fossils in North America, and named them Diatryma.[3]
The fossil remains of these birds have been found in western-central Europe (England, Belgium, France and Germany) as well as North America. Their life style is in dispute.[4][5]
Description
Gastornis parisiensis measured on average 1.75 metres (5.7 ft) tall, but large individuals grew up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. Gastornis had a huge beak with a slightly hooked top, which possibly suggests that it was carnivorous. Gastornis had large powerful legs. It had large feet with small talons. Fossil footprints suggest it was a herbivore.[5]
Paleobiology
Distribution
Although North American and Europe were separated by the end of the Cretaceous, there must have been a landbrige still in place somewhere. This is because the European and North American Diatrymas were so similar. Other bird and mammal genera also occur on both sides of the (present-day) North Atlantic in the Palaeocene and Eocene. This is evidence that Europe and North America were once connected by dry land in part of the early Cainozoic.[6]
Palaeoecology
At its time, the environment where Gastornis lived had dense forest and a moist to dry subtropical or even tropical climate. North America and Europe were still rather close, and Greenland probably was covered with lush woodland and grassland. Only narrow straits of a few 100 km at most would have blocked landbound dispersal of the Gastornis ancestors. Land in North American was connected. Their European range was an archipelago, with the Alpsbuilding up, and high sea levels in the Paleocene and Eocene. Geographically, it was roughly similar to today's Indonesia.
Gastornis has been depicted as predatory. However, some doubt the bird was agile enough to catch fast-moving prey, and have doubts about the beak being right for carnivory. It may be that Gastornis was an ambush hunter, or used pack hunting techniques to pursue or ambush prey. If Gastornis was a predator, it would have needed some means of hunting prey through the dense forest.
Alternatively, they may have been mainly scavengers, omnivores or even herbivores. The large beak of Gastornis would have been suited for crushing seeds and tearing off vegetation.[7] But it seems too strong for a purely vegetarian diet. Regardless of what these birds ate, the beak may have been used also for social display – its presence in all known fossils argues against a sexual display role. These contradicting hypotheses, which can't be separated by the evidence, make the paleobiology of Gastornis unclear.
Similar gigantic birds of the Cenozoic were the South American terror birds (phorusrhacids) and the Australian mihirungs (Dromornis). The former were certainly carnivorous, and the latter are suspected of being predators, too. On the other hand, ratites, the flightless giant birds of our time, feed on plants, small vertebrates, and invertebrates.
Gastornis were among the largest, if not the largest birds alive during the Paleogene. They had few natural enemies and serious competitors. If these huge birds were active hunters, they must have been important apex predators which dominated the forest ecosystems of North America and Europe until the middle Eocene.
The mid-Eocene saw the rise of large creodont and mesonychid predators in Eurasia and North America. The appearance of these new predators coincides with the decline of Gastornis and its relatives. This was possibly due to an increased tendency of mammalian predators to hunt together in packs (especially in the hyaena-like creodonts). We know of no bird which weighed more than half a metric ton. Perhaps they could not evolve to larger sizes. If so, they could not compete by sheer bulk as mammals are often able to do.
Trace fossils
In late Paleocene deposits of Spain and early Eocene deposits of France, shell fragments of huge eggs have turned up in Provence.[8] These are presumably from Gastornis.
Some of these fragments were complete enough to reconstruct a size of 24 by 10 cm (about 9.5 by 4 inches) with shells 2.3–2.5 mm (0.09–0.1 in) thick. This is roughly half again as large as an ostrich egg, and very different in shape from the more rounded ratite eggs.
Large birds
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Prévost, Constant (1855): Annonce de la découverte d'un oiseau fossile de taille gigantesque, trouvé à la partie inférieure de l'argile plastique des terrains parisiens [Announcement of the discovery of a fossil bird of gigantic size, found in the lower Argile Plastique formation of the Paris region]. Les Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 40: 554-557 [Article in French]. PDF fulltext at Gallica.
- ↑ In a 1992 survey, Larry Martin did not agree they were the same genus: Martin L.D. 1992. The status of the late Paleocene birds Gastornis and Remiornis. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science Series 36, 97-108.
- ↑ Cope, Edward Drinker 1876. On a gigantic bird from the Eocene of New Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 28: 10-11.
- ↑ See discussion in Feduccia, Alan 1999. The origin and evolution of birds. 2nd ed, Yale. p231–239.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Warwicker, Michelle 2012. "Giant Eocene bird was 'gentle herbivore', study finds." BBC Nature.
- ↑ Andors V.A. 1992. Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Anserimorphae). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science Series. 36, 109-126.
- ↑ Andors V.A. 1991. Paleobiology and relationships of the giant groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Gastornithiformes). Proceedings of the Twentieth International Ornithological Congess, 563-571.
- ↑ Dughi R. & Sirugue F. 1959. Sur des fragments de coquilles d'oeufs fossiles de l'Eocène de Basse-Provence [On fossil eggshell fragments from the Eocene of Basse-Provence]. Les Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 249: 959-961 [Article in French]. PDF fulltext at Gallica; Fabre-Taxy, Suzanne & Touraine, Fernand 1960. Gisements d'œufs d'Oiseaux de très grande taille dans l'Eocène de Provence [Deposits of eggs from birds of very large size from the Eocene of Provence]. Les Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 250: 3870-3871 [Article in French]. PDF fulltext at Gallica.