Hangul
Hangeul (Korean: 한글) (formerly Hangul 한굴) is the alphabet (or alphabetic syllabary) used for the Korean language.[1][2]
It was made by Sejong the Great, the 4th King of the Joseon Dynasty in 1443. It is still being used now. When Hangeul was spreading, King Sejong published Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon (훈민정음 해례본). It was picked as the 'Memory of the World' by UNESCO in 1997.
In this book, the design ideas of Hangeul and information about its use were written down in detail. The book Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon states the two design ideas of Hangeul. The first one is that the consonants of Hangeul look like vocal organs. The second one is that the vowels of Hangeul are based on Cheonji'in (천지인). Cheonji'in refers to the three elements of philosophy which are sky (천), earth (지) and human (인). Because of these ideas, Hangeul is well known for being easy to learn.
Although it was only used by the lower classes at first, Hangeul became the official writing script of Korea in the late 19th century. Today it is the most used writing system of both North Korea and South Korea. North Korea abolished the use of Hanja, and today North Koreans write only in Hangeul. In South Korea, people write mostly in Hangeul, but sometimes Hanja is still used.
Vowels
Vowels are letters like A, E, O and so on
There are 21 letters for vowels in Hangul.
- 10 simple ones, ㅏㅓㅣㅑㅕ and ㅗㅜㅡㅛㅠ.
- 11 more complicated combinations: ㅐㅒㅔㅖ and ㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ.
Meaning:
| ㅏ | ㅓ | ㅣ | ㅑ | ㅕ | ㅗ | ㅜ | ㅡ | ㅛ | ㅠ | ㅐ | ㅒ | ㅔ | ㅖ | ㅘ | ㅙ | ㅚ | ㅝ | ㅞ | ㅟ | ㅢ |
| a | eo | i | ya | yeo | o | u | eu | yo | yu | ae | yae | e | ye | wa | wae | oe | wo | we | wi | eui |
Those with two small lines are pronounced with an extra "y" first.
Consonants
Consonants are letters like B, G, L, M, N, S and so on.
There are 14 simple consonants: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
They can be written two next to each other. Meaning:
| letter | sound | |
|---|---|---|
| before vowel |
after vowel | |
| ㄱ | g | k |
| ㄴ | n | |
| ㄷ | d | t |
| ㄹ | r | l |
| ㅁ | m | |
| ㅂ | b | p |
| ㅅ | s | t |
| ㅇ | - | ng |
| ㅈ | j | t |
| ㅊ | ch | t |
| ㅋ | k | |
| ㅌ | t | |
| ㅍ | p | |
| ㅎ | h | t |
| ㄲ | kk | k |
| ㄸ | tt | t |
| ㅃ | pp | p |
| ㅆ | ss | t |
| ㅉ | jj | t |
The consonants the Korean language uses written in Latin letters are: B, D, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, Y.
Blocks
The consonants and vowels are combined into blocks of syllables. A syllable means one vowel and a few consonants, like "han" and "geul".
The blocks look like these examples: 서울 한글 평양
Examples
| Seoul 서울 | Hangeul 한글 | Pyongyang 평양 | ||||||||||||||||||
| ㅅ | ㅓ | ㅇ | ㅜ | ㄹ | ㅎ | ㅏ | ㄴ | ㄱ | ㅡ | ㄹ | ㅍ | ㅕ | ㅇ | ㅇ | ㅑ | ㅇ | ||||
| s | eo | - | u | l | h | a | n | g | eu | l | p | yeo | ng | - | ya | ng | ||||
Hangul Media
A page from the Hunminjeong'eum Eonhae. The Hangul-only column, third from the left (나랏말ᄊᆞ미), has pitch-accent diacritics to the left of the syllable blocks.
Songangasa, a collection of poems by Jeong Cheol, printed in 1768.
Korean alphabet letters and pronunciation
The shape of tongue when pronouncing ㄱ (g)
The shape of tongue when pronouncing ㄴ (n)
The shape of teeth and tongue when pronouncing ㅅ (s)
ㅇ (ng) is similar to the throat hole.
ㅁ (m) is similar to a closed mouth.
A diagram showing the derivation of vowels in the Korean alphabet.
References
- ↑ Kolers, Paul A. (1979). Processing of Visible Language. Merald E. Wrolstad, Herman Bouma. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-1-4684-0994-9. OCLC 851828930.
- ↑ Pae, Hye K. (1 January 2011). "Is Korean a syllabic alphabet or an alphabetic syllabary". Writing Systems Research. 3 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1093/wsr/wsr002. ISSN 1758-6801. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Other websites
Media related to Hangul at Wikimedia Commons