Impartiality
An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is impartiality.[1] It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.[1]
Judges and tribunals
Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other.[2] Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins.[2] Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.[2]
Juries
In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called voir dire.[3] Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial.[3] Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called striking a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial.[3] Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial.[4] More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates.[4] The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact.[5] They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.[5]
Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors.[6] In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges.[6] Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States.[6]
Many believe the Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin judicium parium does not mean a trial by jury. The word judicium in the language of the day meant a judge. The term liber homo, usually translated as freeman, at that time were a limited class in England.[6] So it did not mean every person.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 David D. Caron. "The Independence and Impartiality of Legal Systems". Berkeley Electronic Press. Retrieved 26 October 2015.[dead link]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kermit Roosevelt (3 November 2013). "Ways a Judge Should, and Should Not, Be Impartial". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "U.S. Courts Form Juries to Maintain Impartiality". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lionel L. Raive, 'Fair and Impartial Trial by Jury in the United States and in England', American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Mar 1964), p. 234
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Terry Skolnik. "The Jury System in Canada" (PDF). JUICIO POR JURADOS. Retrieved 26 October 2015.[dead link]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Andreas Kapardis, Psychology and Law: A Critical Introduction (Melbourne; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 140–141