Kaei

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The nengō Kaei means "Celebration of Eternity"^[3] or "Eternal Felicity"^[4]

Events of the Kaei Era

Coins minted during the Kaei era

1849 (Kaei 2): Medical practice of vaccination first used by Dutch physician at Dejima.^[5]

July 1853 (Kaei 6): Commodore Matthew Perry and the United States Navy anchor off Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.^[6]

1854 (Kaei 7): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa. The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.^[7]

2 May 1854 (Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month): Fire destroyed the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.^[8]

During the Kaei era, the shogunate bought guns and encouraged the manufacture of guns.^[9]

Related pages

Edo period

References

↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kaei" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 444.
↑ Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō," p. 553.
↑ Keene, Donald. (1999). Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era; Poetry, Drama, Criticsm, p. 393.
↑ Satow, Ernest Mason. (1905). Japan 1853-1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari, p. 11.
↑ Whitney, Willis Norton. (1885). "Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan", Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, pp. 839-843.
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 323.
↑ Sewall, John. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. lxiv; Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 178 n11.
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 323; Satow, pp. 9-10.
↑ Masúda, Norimoto et al. (1922). Military Industries of Japan, p. 13.

Other websites

National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Kaei	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th
	1848	1849	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854

Preceded by:
Kōka

Era or nengō:
Kaei

Succeeded by:
Ansei

[1] Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kaei" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 444.

[2] Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō," p. 553.

[3] Keene, Donald. (1999). Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era; Poetry, Drama, Criticsm, p. 393.

[s11-4] Satow, Ernest Mason. (1905). Japan 1853-1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari, p. 11.

[5] Whitney, Willis Norton. (1885). "Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan", Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, pp. 839-843.

[pf323-6] Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 323.

[7] Sewall, John. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. lxiv; Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 178 n11.

[8] Ponsonby-Fane, p. 323; Satow, pp. 9-10.

[9] Masúda, Norimoto et al. (1922). Military Industries of Japan, p. 13.

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