Mahakala
Mahakala [1] is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of 80 million years ago.
| Mahakala Temporal range: Upper Cretaceous
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| Mahakala omnogovae | |
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| Genus: | Mahakala Turner et al., 2007
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It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia.
Mahakala was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.
Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.
Description
Although this individual was small, comparable in size to Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Mei, it was close to adulthood.
This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.
It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw.[2] Mahakala also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.
Classification
A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found Mahakala to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.
In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages.
Mahakala also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs.[2]
Paleoecology and paleobiology
The paleoenvironment had a semiarid climate, with sand dunes and alluvium (loose stuff). The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by streams after rain, and was affected by dust and sandstorms. Rainfall was low, and seasonal.
Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present. The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized.[3]
Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid Velociraptor, troodonts Byronosaurus and Saurornithoides, oviraptors Citipati, Khaan, and Oviraptor, and alvarezsaurs Mononykus and Shuvuuia; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian Protoceratops and the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus.[4] Like other dromaeosaurs, Mahakala would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.[5]
Mahakala Media
A basalt statue of Mahākāla from Odisha, dated to the Pala period (eastern Bengal, 1100–1200 CE). Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Daidoku: God of Wealth
Depiction of Mahakal from an edition of the Dasam Granth
A Nepalese statue of Mahakala Bernagchen (Black Cloak Mahakala), the protector of the Karmapas.
Mahakala Bernagchen
Mahakala "Protector of the Tent", Central Tibet, circa 1500.
Tibetan Mahakala sculpture.
Tibetan Mahakala at National Museum, New Delhi, India
Mahakala, 12th century, Rubin Museum of Art
Exhibit in the Asian collection of the American Museum of Natural History, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA.
References
- ↑ from Sanskrit, named after one of eight protector deities (dharmapalas) in Tibetan Buddhism
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Turner, Alan H. (2007). Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, Mark. "A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight" (PDF). Science. 317 (5843): 1378–1381. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1378T. doi:10.1126/science.1144066. PMID 17823350. S2CID 2519726.
- ↑ Jerzykiewicz, Tom (1997). "Djadokhta Formation". In Currie, Phillip J.; Padian, Kevin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 0-12-226810-5.
- ↑ Weishampel, David B. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ↑ The dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-520-94143-4. OCLC 801843269.