Nibelungenlied
The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. It tells the story of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, and of the revenge of his wife Kriemhild, which leads to the death all the heroes of the Bugundians and of Kriemhild as well.
The saga of Siegfried was also used in the opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen of Richard Wagner. Nibelung in this context means "dwarf".
The Nibelungenlied is based on earlier works. It was part of oral tradition, meaning it usually was not written down. During the Middle Ages people started to write down stories more and more. Overall there are about 35 German sources and one Dutch source for the story. There was an original manuscript but it has been lost. The three oldest manuscripts have been labelled A, B, and C.
- A - Hohenems-Munich manuscript (last quarter 13th century, in the Bavarian State Library in Munich today)
- B - St.Gallen manuscript (mid-thirteenth century, in the Abbey library of St. Gallen)
- C - Donaueschlingen manuscript (second quarter 13th century, in the Badische Landesbiblithek in Karlsruhe)
B seems to be closest to the original; however, the real relation between the three manuscripts is unknown. The Nibelungenlied probably had a broad oral tradition, as there were many different versions. It is difficult to judge how these oral versions influenced the written ones.
Manuscripts A and B end with daz ist der Nibelunge not (that is the fall of the Nibelungs); for this reasons, they are known as the Not versions. Manuscript C ends with daz ist der Nibelunge liet (English: that is the song/epic of the Nibelungs). It is known as the Lied-version. In total, the C text has been edited with regard to the public of the time. It is less dramatic. This probably made it more popular. Aesthetically, the B text would have been the greatest artistic achievement for a contemporary public.
Who wrote it?
The author who wrote down the original that is now lost is unknown. However, there are a few candidates:
- Der von Kürenberg - He wrote very similar poems, and one poem the Falkenlied (falcons' song) is reflected in a dream by Kriemhild. Most researchers however believe that he lived before the Nibelungenlied was written down.
- Walther von der Vogelweide - He has a very similar vocabulary (this can also be expalined by the fact that he lived in the same area though). His fundamental views were very different from those expressed in the Nibelungenlied though.
- Bligger von Steinach
- Konrad von Fußesbrunnen- He wrote a 3.000 line poem The Childhood of Jesus, and was active around Passau. His style is totally different from that of the Nibelungenlied.
- An unknown nun of the monastery in Passau; The monastery of Passau, the city and its merchants are mentioned in the song. This is probably because they financed part of it, not because the author was from there.
Serious researchers tend to ignore the last three options, because there is not enough evidence to support them.
The well-known introduction
| Middle High German original | Shumway translation |
|---|---|
|
Uns ist in alten mæren wunders vil geseit |
Full many a wonder is told us in stories old, |
This was probably not in the original though, but added later. The original probably began by introducing Kriemhild:
| Middle High German original | Needler translation |
|---|---|
|
Ez wuohs in Burgonden ein vil edel magedîn, |
There once grew up in Burgundy / a maid of noble birth, |
Other websites
- texts of manuscripts A, B and C
- facsimile of manuscript C
- Karl Bartsch edition (Leipzig, 1870/80)
- index of online manuscript facsimiles
English translations: