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Polish–Soviet War

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The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine against the Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic. It was for control of what is now Ukraine and part of Belarus.

Polish–Soviet War
Part of Central and Eastern European military campaigns that included the Western Front of the Russian Civil War, Ukrainian War of Independence, Lithuanian Wars of Independence, Latvian War of Independence and Russian Civil War
File:Polish-soviet war montage.jpg
Top left: Polish FT-17 tanks of the 1st Tank Regiment during the Battle of Dyneburg, January 1920
Below left: Polish troops enter Kiev, May 1920
Top right: Polish Schwarzlose M.07/12 machine gun nest during the Battle of Radzymin, August 1920
Middle: Polish defences with a M1895/14 machine gun position near Miłosna, during the Battle of Warsaw, August 1920
Bottom left: Russian prisoners following the Battle of Warsaw
Bottom right: Polish defences in Belarus during the Battle of the Niemen River, September 1920
Date1918/1919[c] – 18 March 1921
(2 years, 1 month and 4 days)
Location
Central and Eastern Europe
Result Polish victory (see § Aftermath and legacy)
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
Support:
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Early 1919: ~50,000[5]
Summer 1920:
800,000–950,000[6]
5 million reservists,
Ukrainian Galician Army (about 1,000 soldiers),
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia		 Early 1919: ~80,000[7]
Summer 1920:
348,286 troops on front,[8] about 700,000 reservists
approx. 1,000,000[9]
Ukraine: 20,000[10]
Russian volunteers: 20,000[10]
Casualties and losses
Total reported: 140,000–145,000 (unknown wounded not included)
c. 60,000 dead[11]
c. 80,000–85,000 captured[12]		 Total reported: 212,420
47,551 dead
  • 17,213 KIA
  • 30,338 died of wounds
113,518 wounded
51,351 captured or missing[13][14][15]

A formal peace treaty, the Peace of Riga, was signed on 18 March 1921. It divided the land between Poland and Soviet Russia. Much of the land that was given to Poland became part of the Soviet Union after World War II.

Polish–Soviet War Media

  • Rzeczpospolita Rozbiory 3.png

    Partitions of Poland–Lithuania in 1795: the coloured territories show the extent of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth just before the First Partition. The land absorbed by the Kingdom of Prussia is in blue (north-west), by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in green (south) and by the Russian Empire in red (east).

  • Mapa rozsiedlenia ludności polskiej z uwzględnieniem spisów z 1916 roku.jpg

    Map of areas where Polish was used as a primary language in 1916 (published in post-1918 Poland)

  • PBW March 1919.svg

    Territorial establishment of the Second Polish Republic as of March 1919

  • 19190501-lenin speech red square.jpg

    Vladimir Lenin in 1919

  • Jozef Pilsudski w Poznaniu.jpg

    Józef Piłsudski in 1919

  • Józef Piłsudski with Supreme Command of Polish Military Organisation in 1917.PNG

    Activists of the Polish Military Organisation in 1917

  • General Józef Haller swearing for the Polish flag when he was nominated to command the Blue Army

  • Five stages in the Polish–Soviet War

  • Wilno 1919 Piłsudski.jpg

    Józef Piłsudski, Edward Śmigły-Rydz, Kazimierz Sosnkowski, Stanisław Szeptycki in front of soldiers of Polish Army. Wilno, Łukiski Squar

  • Pilsudskiwithsoldiers.jpg

    Józef Piłsudski (1867-1935) with soldiers in Minsk.

Notes

  1. ↑ Battle of Daugavpils
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Volunteers
  3. ↑ There is disagreement over the dates of the war. The Encyclopædia Britannica begins its "Russo-Polish War" article with the date range 1919–1920 but then states, "Although there had been hostilities between the two countries during 1919, the conflict began when the Polish head of state Józef Piłsudski formed an alliance with the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petlyura (21 April 1920) and their combined forces began to overrun Ukraine, occupying Kiev on 7 May." Some Western historians, including Norman Davies, consider mid-February 1919 the beginning of the war.[2] However, military confrontations between forces that can be considered officially Polish and the Red Army were already happening by late autumn 1918 and in January 1919.[3] The city of Vilnius, for example, was taken by the Soviets on 5 January 1919.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  2. ↑ Davies 2003, p. 22.
  3. ↑ Chwalba 2020, p. 13.
  4. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  5. ↑ Davies 2003, p. 39.
  6. ↑ Davies 2003, p. 142.
  7. ↑ Davies 2003, p. 41.
  8. ↑ Bilans wojny polsko-bolszewickiej. Liczba żołnierzy, zabici, ranni i wzięci do niewoli
  9. ↑ Czubiński 2012, pp. 115–118.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bilans wojny polsko-bolszewickiej. Liczba żołnierzy, zabici, ranni i wzięci do niewoli
  11. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  12. ↑ Chwalba 2020, pp. 306–307.
  13. ↑ Chwalba 2020, pp. 279–281.
  14. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  15. ↑ (in Polish) Karpus, Zbigniew, Alexandrowicz Stanisław, Waldemar Rezmer, Zwycięzcy za drutami. Jeńcy polscy w niewoli (1919–1922). Dokumenty i materiały (Victors Behind Barbed Wire: Polish Prisoners of War, 1919–1922: Documents and materials), Toruń, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, 1995, ISBN 978-83-231-0627-2.


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