Samaritan Pentateuch

Samaritan High Priest and Old Pentateuch, 1905

The Samaritan Pentateuch or Samaritan Torah is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.^[1]

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See Lev 18:18.)

Special importance is attached to the Abisha Scroll, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (1 Chronicles 6:35), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun.^[2] But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.^[3]

Samaritan Pentateuch Media

Shomronitora
Quotations from the Torah in Samaritan script. Niche from a Samaritan's house in Damascus, Syria (15th–16th century CE). Islamic Art Museum, Berlin.
Samaritan Pentateuch (detail)
Samaritan Torah scrolls preserved in the Samaritan synagogue on Mount Gerizim
Genesis 5:18-22 as published by Jean Morin in 1631 in the first publication of the Samaritan Pentateuch

References

↑ The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 6: Questions of Canon through the Dead Sea Scrolls by James C. VanderKam, page 94, citing private communication with Emanuel Tov on biblical manuscripts: Qumran scribe type c.25%, proto-Masoretic Text c. 40%, pre-Samaritan texts c.5%, texts close to the Hebrew model for the Septuagint c.5% and nonaligned c.25%.
↑ Paul, Shalom M.; Kraft, Robert A.; Ben-David, Eva; Schiffman, Lawrence H.; Fields, Weston W. (2002). Emanuel: Studies in the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, and the Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov/With Index Volume. BRILL. p. 215. ISBN 90-04-12679-1.
↑ "The Abisha Scroll - 3,000 Years Old?" Bible Review, October 1991

[1] The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 6: Questions of Canon through the Dead Sea Scrolls by James C. VanderKam, page 94, citing private communication with Emanuel Tov on biblical manuscripts: Qumran scribe type c.25%, proto-Masoretic Text c. 40%, pre-Samaritan texts c.5%, texts close to the Hebrew model for the Septuagint c.5% and nonaligned c.25%.

[2] Paul, Shalom M.; Kraft, Robert A.; Ben-David, Eva; Schiffman, Lawrence H.; Fields, Weston W. (2002). Emanuel: Studies in the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, and the Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov/With Index Volume. BRILL. p. 215. ISBN 90-04-12679-1.

[3] "The Abisha Scroll - 3,000 Years Old?" Bible Review, October 1991

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