Su Dingfang
Su Dingfang (Chinese: 苏定方, 591–667) was a leading general of the Tang Dynasty. He won many battles. In 657 he destroyed the Western Turkic Khaganate. This expanded the Tang's western borders to their farthest extent (deep into Central Asia, close to modern Iran). In 660, he also conquered Baekje.
He was born in Wuyi (武邑, modern Hengshui, Hebei).
Western Turks
In spring 657, Emperor Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to attack the Western Turks. He had the following friends to help him:
- generals Ren Yaxiang and Xiao Siye (蕭嗣業)
- Tang's ally Huige
- Western Turks defector chiefs Ashina Mishe (阿史那彌射) and Ashina Buzhen (阿史那步真). They took a southern route.
The Tang took went north.
Su defeated Chumukun first.
Su had fewer than 20,000 men. Ashina Helu's army had nearly 100,000 men. Ashina Helu thought he could defeat Su easily. His army ran at Su but could not break through Su's defense: the front line pointed long spears. Su then counterattacked with cavalry, defeating Helu's army and killing and capturing several tens of thousands of men. Helu ran away.
Su kept going. Many tribes of the Western Turks surrendered to Su, including the general Huluwu (胡祿屋), surrendered, and Ashina Helu fled along with his general Qulü (屈律). The rest surrendered to Ashina Buzhen.
Su kept chasing Helu but ran into snow storms. Su's men said maybe they should wait for weather to get better. But Su said that Helu would be surprised if they attacked him. So Su and his army kept going. They joined Mishe and Buzhen, made a surprise attack on Helu, and captured or killed tens of thousands.
But Helu fled to Shi (石國, modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan), a vassal of the Western Turks.
But Shi did not want to be attacked and defeated by the Tang as well. So they just captured and handed Helu to the Tang.
And so the Tang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate and brought Central Asia under Chinese control.
Some Turks escaped west and became the Khazars in Russia. They did not come back.
Su presented Helu to Emperor Gaozong. Gaozong spared Helu and promoted Su to major general. He also made Su the Duke of Xing and made his son Su Qingjie (蘇慶節) the Duke of Wuyi.
Izgil
Duman (都曼) was a commander of the Izgil tribe (Old Turkic: 
, Chinese: Sijie 思結), under Tang rule. The Shule (疏勒), Zhujubo (朱俱波), and Yebantuo (謁般陀) were also Turkic kingdoms under Tang rule. They were around Kashgar, Xinjiang.
In 659 they rebelled against the Tang. Duman got Yutian (于田, in modern Hotan, Xinjiang).
In winter 659, Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to Xinjiang. Once Su arrived he gathered 10,000 soldiers and 3,000 horsesoldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman.
Duman was surprised, and after Su defeated Duman, Duman retreated into Yutian.
Su seiged the city, and Duman surrendered.
In spring 660, Su took Duman to the eastern capital Luoyang. Su presented Duman to Gaozong. Some wanted Duman to be executed. But Su said Duman should be spared. Gaozong said that by law, Duman should die, but he would respect Su's promise and thus spared Duman.
Tibet
The Old Tibetan Annals, written in Classical Tibetan, was discovered at Dunhuang in the early 20th century. It says Su Dingfang fought the Tibetans in 659:
"Da Rgyal Mang Po Rjes (Dayan Mangbuzhi) fought a battle with Su Dingfang of the Tang at the Dongdai 東岱 (a Tibetan regional administrative unit) of Wuhai 烏海 (southwest of Lake Qinghai). Da Rgyal was killed and his army of 80,000 men was defeated by 1,000 Tang troops."[1]
Baekje
In spring 660, Tang was allies with Silla, in the Korean Peninsula. Silla was being attacked by Baekje so Silla asked the Tang for help. The Tang sent help.
Emperor Gaozong put Su in charge of the Silla-Tang combined army and navy. He, alongside Silla's King Muyeol, sent 100,000 soldiers to attack Baekje.
In summer 660, Su left Chengshan (成山, in modern Weihai, Shandong) and crossed the Yellow Sea to Baekje.
Baekje forces tried to prevent Tang forces from landing, but could not.
The Tang directly attacked the Baekje capital Sabi and seiged it. Baekje surrendered, and the Tang annexed Baekje.
In winter 660, Su brought prisoners to Emperor Gaozong in Luoyang. Emperor Gaozong released King Uija and the rest of the captives.
Goguryeo
In winter 660, Su Dingfang, Qibi Heli (契苾何力), Liu Boying (劉伯英), Cheng Minzhen, and Silla allies attacked Baekje's ally Goguryeo.
By fall 661, Su seiged Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang.
By spring 662, general Pang Xiaotai (龐孝泰) was killed. The Tang withdrew.
But the Tang later came back with more troops and defeated Goguryeo in 668.
Final years
Su died in 667.
Liu Xu, the lead editor of the Old Book of Tang, said of Su:
The Duke of Xing expressed his miraculous strategies, and used forceful tactics to pacify rebels. He was able to achieve successes from the start to the end of his career. Yet the fiefs and promotions he received were too small and did not accord with the institutions of the empire. This was a regrettable oversight.
Su Dingfang Media
The campaign against Eastern Turks in 630
Su Dingfang's campaign against Western Tujue
Tang-Silla alliance against Baekje-Japanese alliance. Su was the chief commander of Tang.
Citations
- ↑ See most recently《敦煌古藏文文獻探索集》, translated and annotated by Chen Jian 陳踐 and Wang Yao 王堯 (上海古籍出版社, 2008), 88.