Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipocaus ([teskatɬiˈpoːka])[1] was a central deity in Aztec mythology. He was associated with many concepts. Some of these are the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, the earth, obsidian, , , rulership, divination, temptation, , beauty, war and . His name in the Nahuatl language is often translated as "Smoking Mirror"[2] because of his connection to obsidian, the material from which mirrors were made in Mesoamerica and which was used for shamanic rituals.
He had many names in context with different aspects of his deity: Titlacauan ("We are his Slaves"), Ipalnemoani ("He by whom we live"), Necoc Yaotl ("Enemy of Both Sides"), Tloque Nahuaque ("Lord of the Near and the Nigh") and Yohualli Èecatl (Night, Wind), Ome acatl[3] ("Two Reed"), Ilhuicahua Tlalticpaque ("Possessor of the Sky and Earth").[4]
On pictures he was usually drawn with a black and a yellow stripe painted across his face. He is often shown with his right foot replaced with an obsidian mirror or a snake - an allusion to the creation myth in which he loses his foot battling with the Earth Monster. Sometimes the mirror was shown on his chest, and sometimes smoke would come from the mirror. Tezcatlipocas Nagual, his animal counterpart, was the jaguar and his Jaguar aspect was the deity Tepeyollotl "Mountainheart".
The Tezcatlipoca figure goes back to earlier Mesoamerican deities worshipped by the Olmec and Maya. Similarities exist with the patron deity of the K'iche' Maya as described in the Popol Vuh. A central figure of the Popol Vuh was the god Tohil whose name means "obsidian" and who was associated with sacrifice. Also the Classic Maya god of rulership and thunder known to modern Mayanists as "God K", or the "Manikin Scepter" and to the classic Maya as K'awil was shown with a smoking obsidian knife in his forehead and one leg replaced with a snake.[5]
Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl
Tezcatlipoca was often described as a rival of another important god of the Aztecs, the culture hero, Quetzalcoatl. In one version of the Aztec creation account[6] the myth of the Five Suns, The first creation, "The sun of the Earth" was ruled by Tezcatlipoca but destroyed by Quetzalcoatl when he struck down Tezcatlipoca who then transformed into a jaguar. Quetzalcoatl became the ruler of the following creation "Sun of Water", and Tezcatlipoca destroyed the third creation "The Sun of Wind" by striking down Quetzalcoatl.
In later myths, the four gods who created the world, Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, Huitzilopochtli and Xipe Totec were referred to respectively as the Black, the White, the Blue and the Red Tezcatlipoca. The four Tezcatlipocas were the sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, lord and lady of the duality, and were the creators of all the other gods, as well as the world and man.
Tezcatlipoca Media
Panther Panthera onca
Representation in Codex Tudela, where the ezpitzal is shown as a headband and garland
Frontispiece in question (Codex Fejéváry-Mayer)
Mask representing Tezcatlipoca formed from a human skull, likely worn by priests during sacred rites. Turquoise with iron pyrites for the eyes. From the British Museum.
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Tezcatlipoca "Lord of the Night Winds"
Related pages
Notes
- ↑ The vowel transliterated here as [i] may in fact have been long or followed by a glottal stop which is sometimes written as an <h>
- ↑ For a discussion of the many interpretations of the meaning of the name Tezcatlipoca see Olivier (2003) pp. 14-15.
- ↑ This name which comes from his Birthdate in the Aztec "2 Reed" which is the first date in the Aztec year is sometimes also spelled Omacatl
- ↑ For a summary of Tezcatlipocas epithets and their significance see Olivier (2003) Chapter 1.
- ↑ Jun Raqan "the one-legged" was an epithet of this Classic Maya Deity of rulership and thunder which eventually lead to the English word "Hurricane".
- ↑ The Version as it is recounted in the Codex Ramirez - also called "Historia de Los mexicanos por sus Pinturas". Full text of this Codex in English translation can be found at FAMSI
References
- Miller, Mary; and Karl Taube (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05068-6.
- Olivier, Guilhem (2003). Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God - Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror". Translated by Michel Besson. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-745-0.