Toltec Empire
The Toltec Empire,[4] Toltec Kingdom[5] or Altepetl Tollan[1] was an empire in Mexico. The empire existed through many periods of Mesoamerican chronology. The empire had influence as far away as the Yucatan Peninsula.
Toltec Empire Altepetl Tollan[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 674 (disputed)[2][obsolete source]–1122 (disputed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | disputed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Tollan-Xicocotitlan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Nahuatl, Mixtec, Totonac, Otomi, Pame, others | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Toltec religion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tlatoani (see List of rulers) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• c. 6th-8th century | Chalchiuhtlanetzin or Mixcoamatzatzin (first) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• c. 10th-11th century | Topiltzin, Tecpancaltzin or Huemac (last) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Classic/Post Classic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• | 674 (disputed)[2][obsolete source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl goes into exile and leaves for Tlapallan | 947 (disputed) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• | 1122 (disputed) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1000 | 4.5 million[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The capital city of the empire was Tollan-Xicocotitlan.[6] It had many other important cities, such as Tulancingo[7] and Huapalcalco.
Toltec Empire Media
A reconstruction of Teotihuacán's Pyramid of the Sun
Iztaccaltzin on the throne being presented pulque, Papantzin in front of him, next to him is Xochitl. El descubrimiento del pulque (Obregón, 1869)
Published in the Codex Borbonicus, 16th century, author unknown.
- YaxchilanDivineSerpent
The Burnt Palace (Palacio Quemado- Building C) at Tula
Atlantes of Pyramid B at the Tula archeological site in Hidalgo, Mexico
A Mesoamerican tianguis market place
Image from Mexico in 1980; Atlantes of Tula
A stone jaguar from c. 800 AD
This is a photo of a monument in Mexico, identified by ID
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ce-Acatl: Revista de la cultura Anáhuac (1991)
- ↑ Chavero, A. (Ed.) (1892) Obras Históricas
- ↑ Maddison 2018.
- ↑ Palerm, A. (1997) Introducción a la teoría etnológica. Universidad Iberoamericana [1]
- ↑ Durán, D. Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e islas de Tierra Firme [2]
- ↑ Cobean, R.H., Jimenez, G.E. & Mastache, A.G. (2016) Tula. Fondo de Cultura Economica [3]
- ↑ Tulancingo de Bravo. Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. [4] Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine