Vindolanda
Vindolanda[1] was a Roman fort at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England. Near the modern border with Scotland, it guarded the Stanegate, the Roman road from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth. It is noted for the Vindolanda tablets, one of the most important find of military and private correspondence (written on wooden tablets) found anywhere in the Roman Empire.
The Vindolanda tablets
The Vindolanda tablets are fragments of wooden leaf-tablets with writing in carbon-based ink. They were found at Vindolanda in northern England.[2] The tablets date from the first and second centuries AD, which makes them roughly contemporary with Hadrian's Wall, which is near Vindolanda. The tablets contain messages to and from members of the garrison of Vindolanda, their families, and their slaves. Similar records on papyrus were known from elsewhere in the Roman Empire, but wooden tablets had not been recovered until archaeologist Robin Birley discovered them at Vindolanda in 1973.[3] Pages have since been found at Carlisle in Cumbria, and continue to be found at Vindolanda.
Contents
Most of the tablets are official military documents. However, the best-known document is perhaps Tablet 291, written around 100 AD from Claudia Severa,[4] the wife of the commander of a nearby fort, to Sulpicia Lepidina, wife of the commandant of Vindolanda, inviting her to a birthday party. The invitation is one of the earliest known examples of writing in Latin by a woman.[5] It has even been claimed that this is the earliest surviving letter known to be written by a woman in any language.
- "On 11 September, sister, for the day of the celebration of my birthday, I give you a warm invitation to make sure that you come to us, to make the day more enjoyable for me by your arrival... Give my greetings to your Cerialis. My Aelius and my little son send him their greetings. I shall expect you sister. Farewell, sister my dearest soul, as I hope to prosper, and hail".
The tablets are written in Roman cursive script (joined-up writing). One of the tablets confirms that Roman soldiers wore underpants (subligaria),[6] and also testifies to a high degree of literacy in the Roman army.
The tablets do not throw much light on the native Celts, but there are references. Until the discovery of the tablets, historians could only speculate on whether the Romans had a nickname for the Britons. Brittunculi ('little Britons') found on one of the Vindolanda tablets, is now known to be a derogatory, or patronizing, term used by the Roman garrisons to describe the locals.
The tablets are on display in the British Museum. They are regarded by the Museum as one of its 'top ten British treasures'.[7]
The garrison
The garrison were auxiliaries, Roman infantry or cavalry units, not parts of Roman legions. From the early third century AD onwards, this was the Fourth Cohort of Gauls. An inscription found in recent excavations suggests that native Gauls were in the regiment, and that they liked to distinguish themselves from British soldiers.[8] The inscription reads:
CIVES GALLI
DE GALLIAE
CONCORDES
QUE BRITANNI
A free translation would be "The troops from Gaul dedicate this statue to the goddess Gallia with the full support of the British-born troops".[8]
Vindolanda Trust
In 1970, the Vindolanda Trust, a registered charity, was founded by Anthony Birley to administer the site and its museum. In 1997, the Trust took over the running of the Roman Army Museum at Carvoran, another Hadrian's Wall fort, which it had acquired in 1972.
Vindolanda Media
Vindolanda tablet 291
Gardens outside the museum
Sandal found at Vindolanda and now on display in the Museum
Principia building at Vindolanda, Northumberland
Granary and stores buildings at Vindolanda
Vindolanda Roman fort - geograph.org
Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary fort located at Chesterholm, just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England, near the modern border with Scotland, guarding the Stanegate. It is famous for the find of the Vindolanda tablets, one of the most important finds of military and private correspondence (written on wooden tablets) found anywhere in the Empire.
References
- ↑ The name is Celtic meaning something like 'fair/blessed'-'enclosure/meadow/prairie/grassy plain': Old Gaelic Fiondland.
- ↑ Bowman A.K. 2003 [1998] Life and letters on the Roman frontier: Vindolanda and its people. London: British Museum Press.
- ↑ "britishmuseum.org". Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
- ↑ Birley A. 2002. Garrison life at Vindolanda: a band of brothers. Stroud: Tempus.
- ↑ Writing-tablet Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, invitation from Claudia Severa. Registration number: 1986,1001.64
- ↑ "Vindolanda Tablets Online | Tablets | Print-friendly Tablets Display". Vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ↑ British Museum, Vindolanda: [1] Archived 2011-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Selkirk A. 2006. A ritual statue from Vindolanda. Current Archaeology 205: 4-5.