Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a hormone. It is a steroid which is made in the body under the right conditions. To make it, the body needs sunlight, which acts on the lower layers of the skin.

However, if the body does not make enough, it can be found from food sources in tiny amounts. In fact, many countries add it automatically to certain foods like milk. Supplements can be easily found in most developed countries.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient. This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use.

What it does

As a hormone, Vitamin D does many things in the body. It was first discovered as the substance which could prevent and cure rickets. It controls the levels of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood, as well as calcium and magnesium absorption in the intestines. It helps bones grow and form. It is also good for the immune system.

cholecalciferol (D₃)

ergocalciferol (D₂)

Different kinds

In total, there are 5 different forms, D₁ to D₅. The most common ones are D₂ and D₃ (see images).

D₃ (also called cholecalciferol) is the kind produced by the body. It is also found naturally in marine oils and in lanolin (oil from sheep's wool), the most common source for supplements.

D₂ (also called ergocalciferol) is produced by fungi. It is similar to D₃, but not exactly the same.

Getting enough

D₃ is made in the skin from cholesterol, and changed into a more active form by the liver. However, the skin will not make it unless enough ultraviolet light shines on it. As sunlight contains ultraviolet light, getting enough sun is one way of getting enough D₃.

Many things can keep the skin from making enough D₃. Winter sunlight may be too weak. Melanin, which protects skin from damage, also keeps it from making D₃, which is why people with darker skin are more prone to deficiency. Older people are also prone, because aging skin makes less D₃, even with enough sunlight. Clothing, glass, sunscreens and sunblocks also shield the skin from getting enough ultraviolet light to make D₃.

It is hard to know how much supplemental Vitamin D, if any, is needed. Less than 25 micrograms (1000 IU) per day, but up to 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day is considered safe. A recent panel of Vitamin D researchers concluded that at least 20-25 mcg (800-1000 IU) per day would help most adults.

Few foods naturally contain much D₃. Fish do, especially oily ones, such as salmon, sardine and mackerel. Many kinds of edible mushrooms contain some D₂, like shiitake. Mushrooms grown in full sunlight tend to have more.

Vitamin D Media

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  Chemical structure of 22-Dihydroergocalciferol (vitamin D4)

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  Vitamin D5 or Sitocalciferol

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  Calcium regulation in the human body. The role of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol) is shown in orange.

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  Global vitamin D serum levels among adults (nmol/L).     > 75     50-74     25-49

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  The photochemistry of vitamin D biosynthesis in animal and fungi

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  Thermal isomerization of previtamin D3 to vitamin D3

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  In the epidermal strata of the skin, vitamin D production is greatest in the stratum basale (colored red in the illustration) and stratum spinosum (colored light brown).

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  Liver hydroxylation of cholecalciferol to calcifediol

Other websites

• Benefits and sources of Vitamin D Archived 2012-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Benefits of Vitamin D Archived 2019-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
• Factsheet on Vitamin D
• FDA takes Vitamin D drugs and feeds them to prisoners Archived 2007-03-28 at the Wayback Machine