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# World War I reparations

World War I reparations means the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make after its defeat during World War I.

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the 'war guilt' clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' of the Allies during the war and set up the basis for reparations.

In January 1921, the total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission and was set at 269 billion gold marks, about £23.6 billion or $32 billion (roughly$393.6 billion US dollars as of 2005[1]). This was a sum that many economists believed to be too much.[2] Later that year, the amount was reduced to 132 billion marks, which still seemed too much for most German observers, both because of the amount itself as well as the terms.

Germany stopped paying the reparations after Hitler's Nazi Party took power in 1933. About one-eighth of the reparations paid by then. The final payments were made on the day exactly 20 years after German reunification.[2]

## Evolution of Reparations

 Germangold marks(billions) Gold standardU.S. dollars(billions) 2011 US$(billions) Event Inter-Allied Reparations Commission 1921 269 64.0 785 Young Plan 1929 112 26.6 341 Lausanne Conference 1932 20 4.8 81 There was large debate about the justice and likely impact of the reparations decided. John Maynard Keynes resigned form the British Treasury in 1919 to protest this high sum of money demanded.[3] The 1924 Dawes Plan changed Germany's reparation payments. In May 1929, the Young Plan reduced further payments to 112 billion gold marks ($28.35 billion over a period of 59 years, which was 1988). In addition, the Young Plan divided the yearly payment, set at two billion gold marks (US\$473 million), into two parts: one part equal to one third of the sum and could not be postponed and a postponable part for the remaining two-thirds.

Because of the Great Depression there was an attempt to delay further payments. It failed, but in the Lausanne Conference of 1932, it was decided to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles. But Germany refused to continue paying upon Hitler's rise to power.

## Opinions in Germany

Only a few German people accepted that they lost the war. The German High Command blamed many civilian parts in the society, especially socialists, communists and Jews. The idea was known as Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back myth).[4] The Germans were unhappy with the sum of reparations, which seems terrible, partly because German leaders could not represent in the decision.[5]

## Impact on German economy

The economic problems from the payments was said to be the important factor that led to the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, said that this would weaken German economy as well as German politics. However, many historians disagreed with him. Margaret MacMillan, a Canadian historian, showed her idea that Germany could have paid all the payments if they wanted to. She said that the problem was Germany would not like to pay.[6]

Sally Marks, an American historian, also thought that Germany could pay the reparations. She said that the Germans paid the reparations in full and on time as long as the French occupied Düsseldorf in 1921, but stopped after the French were no longer stationed there in 1922.[7] Later that year, the problem became more serious as French and Belgian representatives urging to occupy Ruhr Area and forced Germany to pay, while the British urging to lower the reparations.[8] Occupation of the Ruhr began in January 1923.[9] The Allies was quite sure that the German government intended to refuse paying to test if the Allies willed to enforce reparations.[10]

As a "quiet fight" in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923.[11] In 2008, a British historain Richard J. Evans said that the German government was responsible for the hyperinflation as they preferred this to paying reparations.[12] The Germans won the world's pity, and after that, the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which lowered the reparations.[13] Under this new plan, Germany paid 1 billion marks in 1924 and reached the total of 2.25 billion by 1927.[14] After that year, Germany was able to pay 2.5 billion marks per year.[11] However, the Germans still stop paying the reparations.[15] To deal with this, the Allies met in a conference in London in July-August 1924,[16] and was the first time that Germany challenged the Versailles Treaty.

The Germans complained further that payments under the Dawes Plan were too high, the Young Plan of 1928 was set up and the Germans were not required to pay higher than 2.5 billion until 1988.[17] Gustav Stresemann demanded that Rhineland must returned to Germany in order that Germany accept the plan.[11] Under strong pressure, the French left Rhineland in June 1930.[18]

The British historain A. J. P. Taylor wrote that the reparations was harsh enough to be seen as a punishment, but not enough to stop Germany from regaining its great power status, and can be blamed for the rise of Adolf Hitler.[19]

## Notes

1. The Inflation Calculator
2. Lang, Olivia (October 2, 2010). "Why has Germany taken so long to pay off its WWI debt?". BBC News. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
3. Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace (2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198292364. p. 777
4. Lentin, Antony (1998). "A Comment, From Armistice to Dolchstosslegende". In Boemeke, Manfred F.; Gerald D. Feldman, Elizabeth Glaser. The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years (1998 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780415163248. p. 236
5. Domarus, Max; Hitler, Adolf (2007). Patrick Romane. ed. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary (2007 ed.). Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 9780865166271. p. 25, 96, 240, 443, 670
6. Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1991). The origins of the second world war (1991 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140136722. p. 70
7. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 237-238
8. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 239-240
9. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 240-241
10. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 240
11. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 245
12. Evans, Richard (September 18 2008). "Hitler and the origins of the war, 1919-1939". Spiegel. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
13. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 245-246
14. Marks 1978, p. 247
15. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 249
16. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 248
17. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 250
18. Marks, Sally (September 1978). "The Myths of Reparations". Central European History (Cambridge University Press on behalf of Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association) 11 (3): 231–255. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018707. ISSN 1569-1616. Retrieved October 5, 2010 p. 251-252
19. Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1991). The origins of the second world war (1991 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140136722. p. 47-55