American bison

The American bison (also called American buffalo or just buffalo) is a species of bison, a bovine mammal. The name "buffalo" is a misnomer, because the bison is only distantly related to the water buffalo and the African buffalo.

American bison
American bison
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Bovidae
Genus:	Bison
Binomial name
Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758)

A bison running

American bison

Bison are a keystone species. They once roamed the North American continent in great herds, and their grazing helped in shaping the ecology of the Great Plains. However, hunters killed a massive number of bison. There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by the year 1890, only 1,000 bison were left.

Description

The bison has a large head with relatively small, curving horns. Its dark brown coat is long and shaggy on the forequarters, including the front legs, neck, and shoulders, while the rest of the body has shorter, finer hair. Plains bison and Wood bison are the two subspecies of American bison.

Their staple foods are grasses and sedges.

Habitat

American bison live in river valleys, on prairies, and on plains. Their typical habitat is open or semi-open grassland, as well as sagebrush, semi-arid lands and scrublands. Bison will also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep.

Though not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in Yellowstone National Park are frequently found at elevations above 38,000 feet (12,000 m). The bison herd on the plains and valleys around the Henry Mountains in Utah go up to an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m).

Endangerment and conservation

Although bison once roamed across North America, they are now ecologically extinct over most of their historic range. Bison live in a few national parks and other small wildlife areas.

There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1,000 bison were left. Through conservation efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s.

Symbolism

The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the national mammal of the United States. The American bison is also the state mammal of Wyoming, United States, and the provincial mammal of Manitoba, Canada, and is featured prominently on their flags. Manitoba Telecom Services (MTS) used a bison named Morty as its mascot from 1999 to 2016.

As livestock

Ground bison patties

Bison are used as livestock. Bison meat is known for being cattle-like, but leaner and slightly sweeter than beef.

The beefalo

Main page: Beefalo

Beefalo hybrid

Bison can interbreed with cattle to make a hybrid known as the beefalo.

American Bison Media

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  Adult male (behind) and adult female (in front), in Yellowstone National Park

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  Male plains bison in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma

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  Bison skeleton. “Bison bison.*Specimen of Bison skeleton prepared by the bone maceration technique and on display at the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy, FMVZ USP.

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  European Bison at Fota Wildlife Park, Ireland

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  Bison herd grazing at the CSKT Bison Range in Montana

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  Bison sparring in Grand Teton National Park in Moose, Wyoming

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  Bison herd grazing in Chihuahua, Mexico

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  Wood bison introduction program in Sakha Republic

• Grazing in winter, Yellowstone National Park: Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass