Designer drug
Designer drugs are legal drugs that are made and sold to have the same effects as illegal drugs. These drugs are chemicals that change the way a person acts and feels. The government does not regulate designer drugs and this makes them dangerous to use.[1]
History
Designer drugs were first sold in the United States around 1925.[2] They were made because a lot of popular drugs were no longer allowed to be used. The government passed a law making drugs like morphine and heroin illegal, causing people to find new drugs.[3] Ecstasy is another drug example. It was legal and used for psychotherapy until 1985 when it was banned.[4] Since 2005, there are many more drugs like these being developed. Now there are designer drugs for several alternative drug groups. These drugs have a lot of different effects and people choose each one for different reasons.[5]
Effects
There are different ways that these drugs affect the body. The user can smoke (breathe in), inject, sniff (breathe in the solid), or ingest (eat) the drugs.[6] Once they are inside and in the bloodstream the drug changes the way chemicals are sent throughout the brain. By changing the messages sent, the brain will respond in a way specific to each drug. Some drugs and their effect will be felt in minutes and only last for a few hours. Other drugs will be felt in around an hour and then their effects can last up to several days.[7] The amount of the drug taken can also change how strongly the user reacts to it.[8] Too much of the drug can lead to drug tolerance. Drug tolerance is when the user has taken the drug for a long time and can no longer get the same effect from only taking a small amount of the drug.[9] This will cause the person to take more of the drug to have the same effect.[10] Doing this will eventually lead to an overdose. Designer drugs can be highly addictive so it can be hard to stop taking them in dangerous amounts.
Types
Other names for designer drugs are "bath salts" or "plant food." The real chemicals in these drugs are mephedrone, methylone, and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).[11] By writing "Not for human consumption (eating/drinking)" on the bags sellers are able to find a way around selling them online and in stores.[12] Using labels like this help companies get around the Federal Analog Act which makes it illegal to sell drugs like these for human use.[13]
Different types of these drugs include opioids, psychedelics, dissociatives, piperazine-based, entactogens, stimulants, sedatives, cannabinoids, and anabolic steroids. Not all of these drugs are sold as bath salts or designer drugs, but they can be. Sometimes these types of drugs can be used legally or as more serious illegal drugs.
| Drug Type | Effects |
|---|---|
| Opioids | The person cannot feel pain and has strong feelings of excitement and joy. Opioids are a highly addictive group of drugs.[14] |
| Psychedelics | Users feel like they are in a wild dream. The user has hallucinations and believes they are actually seeing things that are not there. These types of drugs are popular in today's club scene because of the bright, happy effects.[15] |
| Dissociatives | These negatively change the way the user sees and hears. The user feels like they are not actually there or connected to their body or surroundings.[16] |
| Piperazine-based drugs | Cause a stronger sense of taste and colors are brighter. This type of drug can also make the user very happy and be more likely to move and dance. This drug is similar to the illegal drug ecstasy.[17] |
| Entactogens | These drugs are also chemically similar to ecstasy. Entactogens make the user feel love, feel emotionally close to other people, and have hallucinations.[18] |
| Stimulants | The user has an increase in his or her physical and mental abilities. The person using a stimulant drug will feel awake, want to do things, and want to move. This type of drug can also become very addictive.[19] |
| Sedatives | These make the body slow down, calm down, and not move very much. If only a little bit of this drug is taken then the person will move slowly, think slowly, and be very calm. If a lot of this drug is taken then the user may be too calm, sleep for too long, and their heart may slow down to a dangerous rate.[20] |
| Cannabinoids | These chemicals make cannabis. The most popular one is marijuana. Drugs similar to marijuana can be smoked and the effects are fully felt in minutes. The user will have a "high" and can feel happy, calm, have no stress, like to talk and think about things like music and art, and be more creative than normal. Around 20% of users will feel anxiety and stress.[21] |
| Anabolic steroids | This type of drug is similar to the natural steroids in the body. Natural steroids include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. By taking anabolic steroids the user will grow more muscle cells and become stronger. These drugs are very dangerous, though, because they can do bad things to the body. The user can develop high blood pressure and damage important organs in the body.[22] |
Law
Because many of these drugs are new in many countries there are not laws regulating them. Recently, if a drug became illegal a new drug would be made that was similar to the original.
In Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Sweden the government decides what to do with these drugs as problems come up.[23] In Australia the government has not only banned all of these drugs but also drugs that have not been created yet. By banning the process and the use of chemicals that are similar to illegal drugs the government has tried to stop new drugs from developing. This law will not be able to stop new, original drugs from forming, though.[24][25]
In the United States the Controlled Substances Act and the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement of 1986 both tried to make it a crime to make, sell, or own any drug that was chemically similar to an illegal drug.[26]
References
- ↑ Buchanan JF, Brown CR (1988). "Designer drugs. A problem in clinical toxicology". Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience 3 (1): 1–17. PMID 3285124.
- ↑ "The 1925 Geneva Opium Conventions". Schaffer Library of Drug Policy.
- ↑ "Esters of Morphine". UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics (2): 36–38. 1953.
- ↑ National Institute on Drug Abuse. "A Brief History of MDMA." http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/brief-history-mdma Archived 2012-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Reepmeyer, JC; Woodruff, JT; d'Avignon, DA (2007). "Structure elucidation of a novel analogue of sildenafil detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement". Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 43 (5): 1615–21. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.11.037. PMID 17207601.
- ↑ Genetic Science Learning Center. "Drug Delivery Methods." Learn.Genetics 4 November 2012 <http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/delivery.html Archived 2013-03-13 at the Wayback Machine>
- ↑ Carruthers, SG (Feb 1980). "Duration of drug action". Am Fam Physician. 21 (2): 119–26. PMID 7352385. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ↑ Borek HA, Holstege CP. Hyperthermia and multiorgan failure after abuse of “bath salts” containing 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 July;60(1):103-105.
- ↑ "What is drug tolerance?". Bradford Health Services. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ↑ Kasick DP, McKnight CA, Klisovic E. "Bath salt" ingestion leading to severe intoxication delirium: two cases and a brief review of the emergence of mephedrone use. Am J Drug Alcohol Ab. 2012;38:176-180.
- ↑ Reed, Jim (13 January 2010). "Clubbers are 'turning to new legal high mephedrone'". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ↑ Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA. Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts). Gen Hosp Psychiat. 2012 August 12.
- ↑ "Federal analog act of 1986". The Vaults of Erowid.
- ↑ group="Creative Commons Attribution ShareALike">"What are opioids?". 12 April 2010.
- ↑ "What are psychedelics?". Breaking Open The Head. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ↑ "What are dissociative drugs?". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ↑ Nikolova, Danchev. "Piperizine based substances of abuse: a new party pill on bulgarian drug market": 652–655.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Vollenweider, Franz (Dec 2001). "Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 3 (4): 265–279. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider. PMC 3181663. PMID 22033605.
- ↑ "Stimulants". NIDA. 17 August 2012.
- ↑ "What are sedatives?". Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ↑ "What are cannabinoids?". Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike. Retrieved 29 May 2018.[dead link]
- ↑ "Steroids (anabolic)". NIDA. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ↑ Nu beslagtar svenska tullen lagliga droger, Sveriges Radio, 23 april 2011
- ↑ DRUG MISUSE AND TRAFFICKING ACT 1985 - SCHEDULE 1
- ↑ Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 s 314.1(2)
- ↑ Lindigkeit, R; Boehme, A; Eiserloh, I; Luebbecke, M; Wiggermann, M; Ernst, L; Beuerle, T (2009). "Spice: A never ending story?". Forensic Science International 191 (1–3): 58–63. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.008. PMID 19589652.