Brexit

Brexit (/ˈbrɛksɪt, ˈbrɛɡzɪt/) was a movement that promoted that the United Kingdom (UK) leave the European Union (EU). The name "Brexit" is a portmanteau (merging two words together) of "British" and "exit".

On 23 June 2016, the UK made a referendum that asked whether the UK should leave the EU. The result was that 51.9% of the UK electorate (the main region of the UK) voted that the UK should leave the EU. The rest wanted the UK to stay in the EU. On 29 March 2017, the UK government said that they will definitely be leaving the EU. This started the procedure of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, a law that deals with countries that leave the EU. The UK was expected to fully leave the EU on 29 March 2019 at 11 p.m. UTC.^[1] The deadline to leave was later changed to 31 October 2019.^[2]

On 15 January 2019, Theresa May's government was defeated in the House of Commons by 230 votes in a vote on her deal to leave the European Union.^[3]

On 24 December 2020, a post-Brexit trade deal was made.^[4]

Timeline

Below is a timeline of major events relating to Brexit.^[5]

2014

22 May: 2014 European election: Anti-EU party UKIP led by Nigel Farage comes first, while pro-EU parties suffer.

2016

23 June: The UK holds a referendum on whether to leave the European Union. 51.9% of voters vote to leave.
24 June: David Cameron announces that he will resign as Prime Minister. He is replaced by Theresa May.
13 July: Theresa May accepts the Queen's invitation to form a government. David Davis joins the Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union to monitor any withdrawal negotiations.
27 July: The European Commission selects French politician Michel Barnier to be the European Chief Negotiator for the United Kingdom Exiting the European Union. Michel Barnier will provide support in engaging negotiations with the United Kingdom and the EU.
7 December: Article 50 is favored by a vote of 461 to 89 by the UK House of Commons.^[6] It would be planned to be added by the end of March 2017.^[6]

2017

24 January: The Parliament must pass legislation (approve of this rule) before Article 50 can be accepted as a law. The UK Supreme Court says that the Parliament must follow this new rule, as explained by the Miller case.
26 January: The UK Government introduces a 137-word bill in Parliament. This ensures that Theresa May can enforce Article 50. Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn instructs his MPs to support it.
16 March: The bill receives Royal Assent (royal approval).
29 March: A letter from Theresa May is handed to President of the European Council Donald Tusk to convince him to approve Article 50. Starting from 29 March 2017, the UK will begin to leave the EU by 29 March 2019, a two-year process.
8 April: Theresa May announces that a general election will take place on 8 June.
8 June: A general election is held in the UK. The Conservative Party remains the largest single party but loses its majority. They form a minority government with a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland.
19 June: Brexit negotiations begin.

2018

25 November: All EU members accept a withdrawal agreement.

2019

15 January: The UK House of Commons reject the agreement.
21 March: The UK House of Commons reject it again. Instead, they decided to extend the due date to 31 October instead of 29 March.
23 May: Brexit Party comes first in the European Election while pro-EU Lib Dems comes second. After the conservative party slips to 5th place, Theresa May announces her resignation and that a new party leader will be found.
24 July: Boris Johnson becomes the prime minister of the United Kingdom.
19 October: The UK House of commons rejects Boris' deal and force the prime minister to write to the EU asking to extend the due date to 31 January 2020 instead of 31 October 2019.
28 October: The European Council agrees to extend the Brexit deadline until 31 January 2020.
6 November: Parliament is dissolved as a general election is announced to take place on 12 December.
12 December: A general election is held in the UK. The pro-Brexit Conservative party remains the largest party and gains a majority of 80 seats. Labour suffers their worst election since 1935.
20 December: The withdrawal agreement is passed meaning the UK will leave the EU on 31 January.

2020

31 January: The UK membership with the EU comes to an end. The UK will now enter the transition period for 11 months. This means that the UK will still be guaranteed customs union and single market (free trade) until 31 December.
1 July: The deadline for the UK to extend the transition period, which did not get extended.
24 December: A deal is made between the UK and the EU, post-Brexit.^[4]
31 December: The date the UK is set to leave the EU. The transition period was not extended.^[7]

Brexit Media

The United Kingdom in orange; the European Union (27 member states) in blue: a representation of the result of Brexit
Comparison of results of 1975 and 2016 referendums
Letter from Theresa May invoking Article 50
A map presenting the results of the 2017 United Kingdom general election, by party of the MP elected from each constituency, with Conservatives in blue, Labour in red, and SNP in yellow
A map presenting the results of the 2019 United Kingdom general election, by party of the MP elected from each constituency
Foreign and Commonwealth Office illuminated in the colours of the Union Jack on 31 January 2020
Conservative party advertisement from early 2020 featuring Boris Johnson answering frequently searched for online Brexit-related questions
Opinion polling on whether the United Kingdom should rejoin the European Union (since January 2020)
Border crossing at Killeen (near Newry in Northern Ireland), marked only by a speed limit in km/h (Northern Ireland uses mph.)
Cars crossing into Gibraltar from Spain clearing customs formalities. Gibraltar is outside the customs union, VAT area, and Schengen Zone.