Catatonia
Catatonia means a person is awake, but does not move, talk, or react to anything but pain.[1] The person can stay stiff and still for hours. A person with catatonia may look to be in a stupor (being mentally numb and in a daze). The cause is in the nervous system; the brain and nerves. This problem was first written about in 1874 in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein.[2]
| Catatonic schizophrenia | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | F20.2 |
| ICD-9 | 295.2 |
| MeSH | D002389 |
Causes
Catatonia can sometimes happen with mental disorders. It can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression. Catatonia may also happen when a person abuses drugs or overdoses by taking too much of a drug.
Catatonia can also be caused by many different medical disorders. Some causes are infections, such as encephalitis; autoimmune diseases; damage to the brain from strokes; and metabolic problems.
A person can also get catatonia from benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, which happens if the person quickly stops taking benzodiazepine medications.[3][4][5]
Treatment
Doctors can treat catatonia. They usually start with medicines such as benzodiazepines. If those medicines do not work; doctors may use shock therapy. Antipsychotic medicines can also be used, but with safety in mind. Sometimes they can make catatonia worse or have bad side effects.[6] A group of anesthetic drugs called NMDA antagonists may be helpful when benzodiazepines don't work.[7]
Catatonia Media
Image from page 110 of "Mental medicine and nursing - for use in training-schools for nurses and in medical classes and a ready reference for the general practitioner" (1915)
Image from page 219 of "A treatise on mental diseases" (1900)
Image from page 719 of "Diseases of the nervous system - a text-book of neurology and psychiatry" (1915)
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References
- ↑ Fink, Max; Taylor, Michael Alan (2006-11-23). Catatonia: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03236-0.
- ↑ Dr Hans-Peter Haack. "Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum". Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ Rosebush, Patricia I.; Mazurek, Michael F. (August 1996). "Catatonia after benzodiazepine withdrawal". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (4): 315–9. doi:10.1097/00004714-199608000-00007. PMID 8835707.
- ↑ Deuschle M, Lederbogen F (January 2001). "Benzodiazepine withdrawal-induced catatonia". Pharmacopsychiatry. 34 (1): 41–2. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15188. PMID 11229621.
- ↑ Kanemoto K, Miyamoto T, Abe R (September 1999). "Ictal catatonia as a manifestation of de novo absence status epilepticus following benzodiazepine withdrawal". Seizure. 8 (6): 364–6. doi:10.1053/seiz.1999.0309. PMID 10512781. S2CID 17454162.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Fink M, Taylor MA: CATATONIA: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment, Cambridge U Press, 2003"
- ↑ Daniels, J. (2009). "Catatonia: clinical aspects and neurobiological correlates". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 21 (4): 371–80. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.4.371. PMID 19996245.