Cogeneration
Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to make both electricity and useful heat at the same time.
Conventional power plants emit the heat created as a byproduct of electricity generation into the environment through cooling towers, as flue gas, or by other means. Combined heat and power captures the byproduct heat for domestic or industrial heating purposes, either very close to the plant, or - especially in Scandinavia and eastern Europe - for distribution through pipes to heat local housing.
Byproduct heat at moderate temperatures (100 to 180°C) can also be used in absorption chillers for cooling. A plant producing electricity, heat and cold is sometimes called regeneration or more generally: polygene ration plant.
Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate production of electricity some energy is lost as waste heat, but in cogeneration this energy performs useful work (see energy).
Overview
Thermal power plants (including those that use fissile elements or burn coal, petroleum, or natural gas), and heat engines in general, do not convert all of their available energy into electricity. In most heat engines, a bit more than half is wasted as excess heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics). By capturing the excess heat, CHP uses heat that would be wasted in a conventional power plant, potentially reaching an efficiency of up to 70%, compared with at most 40% for the conventional plants. This means that less fuel needs to be consumed to produce the same amount of useful energy. Also, less pollution is produced for a given economic benefit.
An exact match between the heat and electricity needs rarely exists. A CHP plant can either meet the need for heat (heat driven operation) or be run as a power plant with some use of its waste heat.
CHP is most efficient when the heat can be used on site or very close to it. Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances. This requires heavily insulated pipes, which are expensive and inefficient; whereas electricity can be transmitted along a comparatively simple wire, and over much longer distances for the same energy loss.
A car motor becomes a CHP plant in winter, when the reject heat is useful for warming the interior of the vehicle. This example scores the point that deployment of CHP depends on heat uses in the neighbourhood of the heat engine.
Cogeneration plants are commonly found in district heating systems of big towns, hospitals, prisons, oil refineries, paper mills, wastewater treatment plants, thermal enhanced oil recovery wells and industrial plants with large heating needs.
Cogeneration Media
Diagram comparing losses from conventional generation vs. cogeneration
Hanasaari Power Plant, a coal-fired cogeneration power plant in Helsinki, Finland
Trigeneration cycle scheme of a plant producing electricity, heat, and cold
A cogeneration thermal power plant in Ferrera Erbognone (PV), Italy
The 250 MW Kendall Cogeneration Station plant in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Other websites
- Energy Policy Act of 2005 - sec. 1817 "Study of Cogeneration"
- www.mccree.com Archived 2007-07-12 at the Wayback Machine - Air Products and Chemicals Cogeneration Plant (Orlando, Florida)
- www.co-generationsystems.com - Industrial Co-generation Equipment Provider
- Sequoien - Non-profit CHP Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
- CHP in Finland:
- High cogeneration performance by innovative steam turbine for biomass-fired CHP plant in Iisalmi, Finland Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine (URL accessed on 30 March 2006)
- UK micro CHP schemes:
- www.defra.gov.uk, CHP Archived 2007-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
- BBC News: Power from the people
- Powergen WhisperGen
- M.I.T. algae reactor Archived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Stirling/ Oven Archived 2005-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Associations: