Diazepam
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Diazepam (brand names: Valium, Dialar, Diazemuls, Diazepam Desitin, Diazepam RecTubes, Stesolid and Tensium) is a benzodiazepine. It acts to reduce anxiety (as an anxiolytic medication).[13]
It is made mostly to treat anxiety,[14] certain forms of epilepsy,[14] muscle spasms (seizures[14]), fits,[14] and sleeping problems[verification needed]. It can also be taken to help people relax before an operation or other medical or dental treatments. This is known as a pre-med.[14] Compared to similar medications, its half-life is on the longer end.
It works by increasing the levels of a calming chemical in the brain called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if it is used for long periods of time. For this reason the drug used for 2-4 weeks maximum to avoid dependence.[14]
Diazepam was patented in 1959 by Hoffmann-La Roche.[15][16][17] It has been one of the most prescribed medications in the world since 1963[15] many times. In 1985, the patent ended. There are now 500 or more brands available on the market.[15] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[18]
Prescribing
It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It was the best-selling medication between 1968 and 1982 in America.[15] There, it sold more than 2 billion tablets in 1978 alone.[15] In 2022, it was the 169th most popular medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.[19][20]
Use
It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect. Diazepam has caused huge problems in Scotland in the past.[21]
Diazepam Media
Diazepam tablets (10, 5, and 2 mg)
5 mg Valium Roche packaging Australia
Sternbach's way of synthesizing Diazepam
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Related pages
References
- ↑ Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider (2013)Mosby. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-323-08790-2. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ↑ Clinical Addiction Psychiatry (2010)Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-139-49169-3.
- ↑ Principles of addiction medicine (2009). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7817-7477-2.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Valium. NPS MedicineWise (31 January 2020). Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ↑ Valtoco – diazepam spray. DailyMed (13 January 2020). Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ↑ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheet- Diazepam. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Diazepam Tablets BP 10 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). (emc) (16 September 2019). Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Diazepam Injection BP Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). emc (17 January 2022). Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Valium – diazepam tablet. DailyMed (8 November 2019). Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ↑ Libervant- diazepam film. DailyMed (27 April 2024). Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ↑ Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 13 (3) (March 1982). p. 427–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01397.x.
- ↑ Atlas of Epilepsies (2010). London: Springer. p. 1727–1731. ISBN 978-1-84882-128-6. doi:10.1007/978-1-84882-128-6_263.
- ↑ Calcaterra, Nicholas E.. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Diazepam (Valium). ACS Chemical Neuroscience 5 (4) (2014-04-16). p. 253–260. doi:10.1021/cn5000056.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Diazepam: medicine for anxiety, muscle spasms and seizures (in en). nhs.uk (2022-02-07). Retrieved 2024-05-31.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Calcaterra, Nicholas E.. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Diazepam (Valium). ACS Chemical Neuroscience 5 (4) (2014-04-16). p. 253–260. doi:10.1021/cn5000056.
- ↑ Analogue-based drug discovery (2006). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5.
- ↑ Reeder, Earl & Leo Henryk Sternbach, "5-aryl-3h-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1h)-ones", US3371085A, issued 1968-02-27
- ↑ Organization, World Health. The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) (in en) (2023). Retrieved 2025-04-05.
- ↑ The Top 300 of 2022. clincalc.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
- ↑ Diazepam - Drug Usage Statistics, ClinCalc DrugStats Database. clincalc.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
- ↑ "Street valium blamed for 'unprecedented' spike in drugs deaths" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2019-01-28. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47034644. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
